Reliability and construct validity of a novel motor–cognitive dual‐task test: A Stepping Trail Making Test

This study aimed to examine the concurrent validity of a novel motor-cognitive dual-task test, the Stepping Trail Making Test (S-TMT), as an indicator of cognitive impairment (CI), and compare its screening performance to that of motor or cognitive tests alone. This was a population-based cross-sectional study including 965 Japanese adults aged ≥ 70 years. To measure the time taken to perform the S-TMT, the participants were instructed to step on 16 numbers in sequence as quickly and accurately as possible. Motor and cognitive functions were assessed by gait speed and TMT part A (TMT-A), respectively. Participants were classified into CI (< 24 points), mild CI (MCI, 24–27 points), and intact cognition (> 27 points) categories based on their Mini-Mental State Examination score. Binary logistic regression models showed that the addition of the S-TMT to the covariates model gave the highest discrimination index (c-statistics), and significantly improved reclassification indices (net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement) for screening both CI and MCI compared to those of gait speed or TMT-A alone. These results show that S-TMT has a concurrent validity as a dual-task test for screening CI and MCI and better discrimination and reclassification performance than motor or cognitive tests alone in older adults.

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Poor Trail Making Test Performance Is Directly Associated with Altered Dual Task Prioritization in the Elderly – Baseline Results from the TREND Study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0027831 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. e27831 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Markus A. Hobert ◽

Raphael Niebler ◽

Sinja I. Meyer ◽

Kathrin Brockmann ◽

Clemens Becker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dual Task ◽

Test Performance ◽

The Elderly ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Trend Study ◽

Trail Making ◽

Task Prioritization

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A Dual-Task Paradigm Using the Oral Trail Making Test While Walking to Study Cognitive-Motor Interactions in Older Adults

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnagi.2021.712463 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Author(s):

Antoine Langeard ◽

Marta Maria Torre ◽

Jean-Jacques Temprado

Keyword(s):

Dual Task ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Age Groups ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Old Adults ◽

Test Part ◽

Normal Speed ◽

Dual Task Paradigm ◽

Trail Making ◽

Switching Task

Objective: With aging, gait becomes more dependent on executive functions, especially on switching abilities. Therefore, cognitive-motor dual-task (DT) paradigms should study the interferences between gait and switching tasks. This study aimed to test a DT paradigm based on a validated cognitive switching task to determine whether it could distinguish older-old adults (OO) from younger-old adults (YO).Methods: Sixty-five healthy older participants divided into 29 younger-old (<70 years) and 36 older-old (≥70 years) age groups were evaluated in three single-task (ST) conditions as follows: a cognitive task including a processing speed component [Oral Trail Making Test part A (OTMT-A)], a cognitive task including a switching component [Oral Trail Making Test part B (OTMT-B)], and a gait evaluation at normal speed. They were also evaluated under two DT conditions, i.e., one associating gait with OTMT-A and the other associating gait with OTMT-B. Cognitive and gait performances were measured. The comparison of cognitive and gait performances between condition, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed.Results: The cognitive and gait performances were differently affected by the different conditions (i.e., ST, DT, OTMT-A, and OTMT-B). The OTMT-B produced higher interference on gait and cognitive performances. Moreover, a higher number of errors on the OTMT-B performed while walking was associated with the older-old age group.Conclusion: Using validated cognitive flexibility tasks, this DT paradigm confirms the high interference between switching tasks and gait in older age. It is easily implemented, and its sensitivity to age may highlight its possible usefulness to detect cognitive or motor declines.

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Virtual Functional Mobility Test: A Potential Novel Tool for Assessing Mobility of Individuals With Parkinson´s Disease in a Multitask Condition.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-135257/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Júlia Araújo de Moura ◽

Josevan Cerqueira Leal ◽

Maria Elisa Pimentel Piemonte ◽

John P. Quarles ◽

Felipe Augusto Dos Santos Mendes

Keyword(s):

Dual Task ◽

Functional Mobility ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Complex Task ◽

Clinical Tests ◽

Clinical Tool ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Simple Task ◽

Mobility Test ◽

Trail Making

Abstract Background: There are few instruments available for evaluating functional mobility during multitasking in people with Parkinson´s Disease. Virtual Reality is a potentially tool capable of aiding in the evaluation of functional mobility. The purpose of this study is to verify the potential of the Virtual Functional Mobility Test (VFMT) as a clinical tool to assess functional mobility of people with PD during multitasking condition. Method: 25 people with PD and 25 people without PD, matched for age and sex, were recruited. Participants were evaluated through the Trail Making Test, Timed "UP and GO" test, Timed “UG and GO” in dual task and through the VFMT, composed of 1) a simple task, involving exclusively motor skills and 2) a complex task, involving multitasking. The groups’ performances on the clinical and VFMT tests were compared to verify the virtual test´s sensitivity. It was evaluated the correlations between VFMT tasks and existing clinical tests, the reliability intra-rater and the users’ perception. Results: The VFMT and clinical tests were sensitive to differentiate the groups, except the trail making test part B (p= 0.332) and complex task (p= 0.052). Strong correlations were observed between parts A and B of the trail making test (r=0.75) and complex task (r=0.72); Moderate correlations between Timed Up and Go test and Timed Up and Go in dual task test with simple task (r=0.47) and complex task (r=0.55), respectively, was found. The complex task and simple task showed excellent and moderate reliability intra-rater, respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that the novel VFMT is feasible, sensible, reliable and has potential as an instrument for the evaluation of functional mobility during multitasking in people with PD.

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Construct validity in the trail making test: What makes part B harder?

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology ◽

10.1080/01688639508405143 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 529-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 197

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. Gaudino ◽

Mark W. Geisler ◽

Nancy K. Squires

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Trail Making

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Comparison of Three Physical—Cognitive Training Programs in Healthy Older Adults: A Study Protocol for a Monocentric Randomized Trial

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11010066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Marta Maria Torre ◽

Antoine Langeard ◽

Nicolas Hugues ◽

Jérôme Laurin ◽

Jean-Jacques Temprado

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Training ◽

Dual Task ◽

Training Programs ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Balance Test ◽

Motor Fitness ◽

Gaming Technology ◽

Trail Making ◽

Four Square ◽

Complex Goal

(1) Combining aerobic, coordination and cognitive training allows for more improved physical and cognitive performance than when performed separately. A Nordic walking (NW) and two cognitive-motor circuit training programs (CT-c and CT-fit) are compared. CT-c and CT-fit stimulate cognition differently: CT-c, is through conventional complex coordination training performed in single and dual-task conditions; CT-fit, incorporates it into complex goal-directed actions, implemented by fitness gaming technology (2) The aim is to determine whether CT-fit brings additional benefits to cognition compared to more traditional training. (3) Forty-five healthy independent living community dwellers participants (65–80 years) will be included after a general medical examination. The main exclusion criteria are signs of cognitive impairments (Mini–Mental State Examination < 26/30) and physical impairments. Pre and post-tests will be performed to assess: cognitive functions (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; Trail Making Test; Stroop task, working memory test, Rey Complex Figure copy task, Oral Trail Making Test, and dual-task); motor fitness (Bipedal and unipedal balance test, gait assessments, Time Up and Go, chair sit and reach test and four-square stepping test); and physical fitness (10 m incremental shuttle walking test, maximal handgrip force, Timed-Stands test). (4) Incorporating cognitive demands into complex, goal-directed actions using fitness gaming technology should be the best solution to optimize training benefits.

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Schlafqualität und deren Beziehung zu attentional-exekutiven Funktionsleistungen bei unipolar depressiven Patienten

Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie ◽

10.1024/1016-264x/a000190 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 231-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bernd Kundermann ◽

Stanislava Fockenberg ◽

Nicole Cabanel ◽

Matthias J. Müller

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Trail Making

Zusammenfassung. Die Beziehung zwischen kognitiven Defiziten und Schlafstörungen depressiver Patienten wurde bisher wenig untersucht. Stationär behandelte depressive Patienten beantworteten Fragebögen zur Depressivität und Schlafqualität (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, PSQI), gefolgt von neuropsychologischen Untersuchungen zu attentional-exekutiven Funktionsleistungen (Trail Making Test: TMT-A, TMT-B) an Tag 1 (abends) und Tag 2 (morgens). Patienten mit schweren Schlafstörungen (PSQI > 10, n = 8) erbrachten gegenüber Patienten mit maximal moderat ausgeprägten Schlafstörungen (PSQI ≤ 10, n = 8) signifikant geringere Leistungen im Rahmen des TMT-A und TMT-B. Signifikante positive Korrelationen zwischen dem Globalwert des PSQI und der TMT-B-Bearbeitungszeit blieben auch unter statistischer Berücksichtigung von Kovariaten erhalten. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die enge Beziehung zwischen kognitiven Dysfunktionen und Schlafstörungen bei depressiven Patienten. Mögliche therapeutische Implikationen werden diskutiert.

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Die Standardabweichung der Reaktionszeiten als ein Maß für negative Antwortverzerrungen

Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie ◽

10.1024/1016-264x/a000123 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 89-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sebastian Bodenburg

Keyword(s):

Trail Making Test ◽

Memory Tests ◽

Wechsler Memory Scale ◽

Word Memory ◽

Trail Making ◽

Negative Antwortverzerrungen

Negative Antwortverzerrungen werden quantitativ mit expliziten Beschwerdenvalidierungstests oder mit eingebetteten Parametern untersucht. Es wird die Kriteriumsvalidität der Standardabweichung von Reaktionszeiten als eingebetteter Parameter zur Untersuchung negativer Antwortverzerrungen überprüft. In die Studie wurden 26 Frauen und 65 Männer mit Schädelhirnverletzungen einbezogen. Abhängige Variable war die Standardabweichung der Reaktionszeiten (Untertest Alertness, Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung). Prädiktorvariablen in der multivariaten Kovarianzanalyse waren das Alter der Probanden und folgende Testrohwerte: Trail Making Test (Formen A und B), Parameter GSI der Symptomcheckliste, Untertest Zahlennachsprechen vorwärts aus der Wechsler Memory Scale, Strukturierter Fragebogen Simulierter Symptome, der mittlere Wert der in Prozentzahlen ausgedrückten richtigen Antworten der Parameter IR, DR und CNS des Word Memory Tests (WMT), das Geschlecht der Probanden sowie die dichotomisierte Gruppierung von Patienten mit oder ohne klinisch fassbaren Auffälligkeiten der Aufmerksamkeit. Von den Prädiktorvariablen stellte sich allein der mittlere Wert der in Prozent ausgedrückten richtigen Antworten des WMT als signifikant heraus. Probanden mit einer geringen Anzahl richtiger Antworten im WMT zeigten größere Standardabweichungen. Alle weiteren einbezogenen Prädiktoren – insbesondere beide Aufmerksamkeitsparameter – hatten in Bezug auf die Standardabweichungen keinen signifikanten Einfluss.

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Querschnittsuntersuchung von Bewohnern einer stationären Eingliederungsmaßnahme mit der Diagnose einer Psychose aus dem schizophrenen Formenkreis

Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie ◽

10.1024/1422-4917/a000581 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 505-515

Author(s):

Micha Werner ◽

Maike Hofsaess ◽

Anina Burgbacher ◽

Katarina Müller ◽

Matthias Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trail Making Test ◽

Kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit ◽

Adult Intelligence ◽

Intelligence Score ◽

Trail Making ◽

Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist es, das neuropsychologische Funktionsniveau, die Behandlungszufriedenheit und die Medikation bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zu evaluieren, die an einer Psychose aus dem schizophrenen Formenkreis erkrankt sind und zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung an einer stationären Eingliederungsmaßnahme in dem Kinder- und Jugendwohnheim Leppermühle teilnahmen. Zusätzlich sollen bekannte Prädiktoren auf ihren Einfluss auf verschiedene Verlaufsvariablen hin untersucht werden. Methodik: Es konnten 42 Patienten (37.2 %) der insgesamt 113 Bewohner des Kinder- und Jugendwohnheims mit einer entsprechenden Diagnose untersucht werden. Ergebnisse: Die Patienten waren bei Erkrankungsbeginn durchschnittlich 14.5 Jahre alt und zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung waren sie im Mittel 20.0 Jahre alt. Für den Gesamtintelligenzquotient lag der Wert bei 87.0 Punkten, für den Trail Making Test Teil A (TMT-A) bei 73.1 Punkten und für den Trail Making Test Teil B (TMT-B) bei 75.6 Punkten. Die Behandlungszufriedenheit lag in allen Skalen und Subskalen des Fragebogens zur Beurteilung der Behandlung (FBB) bei 2.50 bis 3.50 Punkten, was einer guten Bewertung entspricht. Die Medikation entsprach nicht in allen Punkten den Leitlinien. Als Prädiktoren für das neuropsychologische Funktionsniveau konnte nur die prämorbide kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit bestätigt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die gefundenen Ergebnisse im Wechsler Adult Intelligence Score IV (WAIS-IV) und im TMT-A/B sprechen für eine deutliche Beeinträchtigung der Patienten im neuropsychologischen Funktionsniveau und decken sich überwiegend mit den Werten bisher durchgeführter Studien.

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