Studies in Colour-changes in Fish.-Part V. The Colour-patterns in certain Flat-fish and their Relation to the Environment.

1931 ◽  
Vol 37 (254) ◽  
pp. 493-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Hewer
Keyword(s):  
Flat Fish ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Colour Patterns

scholarly journals III. Studies in colour changes of fish. - Part II. —An analysis of the colour patterns of the dab. - Part III. —The action of nicotin and adrenalin in the dab. - Part IV. —The action of caffeine in the dab, and a theory of the control of colour changes in fish

1927 ◽  
Vol 215 (421-430) ◽  
pp. 177-200 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Differential Reaction ◽  
Flat Fish ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
The Many

In the course of investigations on the action of certain drugs on the colour of the dab, it became increasingly evident that not only should a microscopic examination be made of the results, but that apart from a complete analysis of the colour pattern of the fish, such an examination would be unintelligible. I am not aware that any such analysis has been made of so complicated a colour scheme. Abolin (see List of Papers, p. 198) has analysed the colour pattern of the minnow, and in a previous paper I have pointed out that the barring on the minnow is partly due to physiological differences and partly to morphological variations. Sumner has also given a description of the patterns on certain flat-fish, but his observations were purely macroscopic. The main problem which has presented itself in this field is this :—Do all the chromatophores on the skin expand and contract synchronously and to the same degree? In other words: Are the various colour phases and manifestations of markings due to morphological differences alone? Sumner, as the result of researches carried out on flat-fish, has come to the conclusion that the many variations of colour, pattern and shade cannot be altogether explained by the assumption of a synchronous reaction of all the chromatophores, and that there must be some differential reaction of the chromatophores situated on the markings. Hogben is opposed to this view and thinks that, as “the extent of melanophore expansion in response to the intensity of a uniform background displays a very subtle gradation, it is not unlikely that the effect of a variegated background is simply to reproduce throughout the body a state of melanophore response, which renders more or less apparent a pattern dependent wholly on the numerical distribution of the melanophores in different areas.” In the present research this problem has been approached by a study of the reactions of the dab to uniform backgrounds, to ascertain the extent of the “subtle gradation” and to supply the necessary data for the further discussion of this problem.

scholarly journals The contextual separation of lateral white line patterns in chameleons

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 171235
Author(s):  
Tammy Keren-Rotem ◽  
Uri Roll ◽  
Amos Bouskila ◽  
Eli Geffen
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
White Line ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Social Encounters ◽  
Intraspecific Communication ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Display Quality

While many animals display different colour patterns that signal different messages, some species use various tactics to separate between colour and pattern displays. The common chameleon ( Chamaeleo chamaeleon ) is capable of rapidly changing and separating among displays of colour patterns and ornaments. We used chameleons to study the contextual role of separation among colour and pattern displays. Specifically, we studied the predominant white badge, which is composed of multiple parts, during different seasons and in different social contexts. We hypothesized that the badge contains important information about the sender and, therefore, would be present during important social contexts. We carried out a series of trials to document the presence/absence of the badge and found that the badge is individually specific and reflects body size. We also revealed that the badge remained fixed throughout other body colour changes, but was replaced by other colour patterns during mating behaviour. During social encounters, additional dark patches delineating the badge appeared, presumably amplifying its signal. Thus, we suggest that the badge constitutes an important feature in intraspecific communication, and is possibly employed to display quality. However, the replacement of the badge by other displays during courtship suggests that during important social events like mating, chameleons transmit exclusive information that is not broadcast by the badge. Our findings demonstrate the importance of separation between colour patterns, and the alternative use of intraspecific colour patterns for specific social contexts in chameleons.

scholarly journals HIGH-RESOLUTION CHARACTERIZATION OF MALE ORNAMENTATION AND REEVALUATION OF SEX LINKAGE IN GUPPIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Morris ◽  
Iulia Darolti ◽  
Wouter van der Bijl ◽  
Judith E. Mank
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Animal Colouration ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Male Ornaments

AbstractColouration plays a key role in the ecology of many species, influencing how an organism interacts with its environment, other species and conspecifics. Guppies are sexually dimorphic, with males displaying sexually selected colouration resulting from female preference. Previous work has suggested that much of guppy colour pattern variation is Y-linked. However, it remains unclear how many individual colour patterns are Y-linked in natural populations as much of the previous work has focused on phenotypes either not found in the wild, or aggregate measures such as total colour area. Moreover, ornaments have traditionally been identified and delineated by hand, and computational methods now make it possible to extract pixels and identify ornaments more automatedly, reducing the potential for human bias. Here we developed a pipeline for automated ornament identification and high-resolution image analysis of male guppy colour patterns and applied it to a multigenerational pedigree. Our results show that loci controlling the presence or absence of individual male ornaments in our population are not predominantly Y-linked. However, we find that ornaments of similar colour are not independent of each other, and modifier loci that affect whole animal colouration appear to be at least partially Y-linked. Considering these results, Y-linkage of individual ornaments may not be important in driving colour changes in natural populations of guppies, or in expansions of the non-recombining Y region, while Y-linked modifier loci that affect aggregate traits may well play an important role.

scholarly journals High-resolution characterization of male ornamentation and re-evaluation of sex linkage in guppies

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1937) ◽  
pp. 20201677
Author(s):  
Jake Morris ◽  
Iulia Darolti ◽  
Wouter van der Bijl ◽  
Judith E. Mank
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Male Ornaments ◽  
Automated Methods

Coloration plays a key role in the ecology of many species, influencing how an organism interacts with its environment, other species and conspecifics. Guppies are sexually dimorphic, with males displaying sexually selected coloration resulting from female preference. Previous work has suggested that much of guppy colour pattern variation is Y-linked. However, it remains unclear how many individual colour patterns are Y-linked in natural populations as much of the previous work has focused on phenotypes either not found in the wild, or aggregate measures such as total colour area. Moreover, ornaments have traditionally been identified and delineated by hand, and computational methods now make it possible to extract pixels and identify ornaments with automated methods, reducing the potential for human bias. Here we developed a pipeline for semi-automated ornament identification and high-resolution image analysis of male guppy colour patterns and applied it to a multigenerational pedigree. Our results show that loci controlling the presence or the absence of individual male ornaments in our population are not predominantly Y-linked. However, we find that ornaments of similar colour are not independent of each other, and modifier loci that affect whole animal coloration appear to be at least partially Y-linked. Considering these results, Y-linkage of individual ornaments may not be important in driving colour changes in natural populations of guppies, or in expansions of the non-recombining Y region, while Y-linked modifier loci that affect aggregate traits may well play an important role.

Assimilation of various organic carbon sources by Haematococcus strains

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
M. Zych ◽  
A. Stolarczyk ◽  
K. Maca ◽  
A. Banaś ◽  
K. Termińska-Pabis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Mixotrophic Growth ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Organic Carbon Sources ◽  
Secondary Carotenoids ◽  
Colour Changes

Differences in the assimilation of individual organic compounds (5 mM sugars and L-asparagine) under mixotrophic growth conditions were described for three naturally occurring Haematococcus strains.The effects of assimilation were measured by the growth intensity and size of algal cells, and the effect of colour changes in the cultures was observed. Some compounds caused the cell colouration to change from green to yellow, being the result of chlorophyll disappearance and the accumulation of yellow secondary carotenoids. In the present experiment none of the cultures turned red, thus excluding the intense accumulation of the commercially interesting carotenoid, astaxanthin.

scholarly journals Dog colour patterns explained by modular promoters of ancient canid origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danika L. Bannasch ◽  
Christopher B. Kaelin ◽  
Anna Letko ◽  
Robert Loechel ◽  
Petra Hug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Hair Cycle ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Haplotype Combination ◽  
Regulatory Modules ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Colour Patterns

AbstractDistinctive colour patterns in dogs are an integral component of canine diversity. Colour pattern differences are thought to have arisen from mutation and artificial selection during and after domestication from wolves but important gaps remain in understanding how these patterns evolved and are genetically controlled. In other mammals, variation at the ASIP gene controls both the temporal and spatial distribution of yellow and black pigments. Here, we identify independent regulatory modules for ventral and hair cycle ASIP expression, and we characterize their action and evolutionary origin. Structural variants define multiple alleles for each regulatory module and are combined in different ways to explain five distinctive dog colour patterns. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the haplotype combination for one of these patterns is shared with Arctic white wolves and that its hair cycle-specific module probably originated from an extinct canid that diverged from grey wolves more than 2 million years ago. Natural selection for a lighter coat during the Pleistocene provided the genetic framework for widespread colour variation in dogs and wolves.

scholarly journals Alteration of Tissue Marking Dyes Depends on Used Chromogen during Immunohistochemistry

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Selina Kiefer ◽  
Julia Huber ◽  
Hannah Füllgraf ◽  
Kristin Sörensen ◽  
Agnes Csanadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Change ◽  
Residual Tumour ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Close Margin ◽  
Correct Orientation ◽  
Therapeutic Regime ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Tissue Specimens ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analyses ◽  
Colour Signal

Pathological biopsy protocols require tissue marking dye (TMD) for orientation. In some cases (e.g., close margin), additional immunohistochemical analyses can be necessary. Therefore, the correlation between the applied TMD during macroscopy and the examined TMD during microscopy is crucial for the correct orientation, the residual tumour status and the subsequent therapeutic regime. In this context, our group observed colour changes during routine immunohistochemistry. Tissue specimens were marked with various TMD and processed by two different methods. TMD (blue, red, black, yellow and green) obtained from three different providers (A, B and C, and Whiteout/Tipp-Ex®) were used. Immunohistochemistry was performed manually via stepwise omission of reagents to identify the colour changing mechanism. Blue colour from provider A changed during immunohistochemistry into black, when 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride-dihydrate (DAB) and H2O2 was applied as an immunoperoxidase-based terminal colour signal. No other applied reagents, nor tissue texture or processing showed any influence on the colour. The remaining colours from provider A and the other colours did not show any changes during immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrate an interesting and important pitfall in routine immunohistochemistry-based diagnostics that pathologists should be aware of. Furthermore, the chemical rationale behind the observed misleading colour change is discussed.

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