Influence of Potassium Sorbate and Reduced pH on the Growth of Vegetative Cells of Four Strains of Type A and B Clostridium botulinum

A rapid and sensitive assay for Perigo factor was developed using a medium of 0.5% yeast extract and tryptone, 0.2% glucose, 0.12% K2HPO4 and 0.1% cysteine HCI or sodium thioglycollate and vegetative cells of Clostridium botulinum type A. Yeast extract or tryptone, together with a reducing agent (cysteine, sodium thioglycollate, or glucose autoclaved with the medium), produced a Perigo inhibitor when autoclaved at 15 psi for 15 min with NaNO2. Tryptone was more active than yeast extract as a source of the Perigo inhibitor; of the reducing agents tested cysteine was more effective in producing Perigo-type inhibition than thioglycollate and either was better than glucose autoclaved with the medium.

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Technical note: Influence of potassium sorbate on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type A in model systems of cheese spread

International Journal of Food Science & Technology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb00389.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 383-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

JORGE BRIOZZO ◽

ETHEL AMATO DE LAGARDE ◽

JORGE CHIRIFE ◽

JOSÉ L. PARADA

Keyword(s):

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Type A ◽

Toxin Production ◽

Technical Note ◽

Model Systems ◽

Potassium Sorbate ◽

Botulinum Type

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Pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum Type A: Study of In Vivo Toxin Release by Implantation of Diffusion Chambers Containing Spores, Vegetative Cells, and Free Toxin

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.3.5.659-663.1971 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 659-663 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. B. Suzuki ◽

R. Booth ◽

A. Benedik ◽

N. Grecz

Keyword(s):

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Type A ◽

Vegetative Cells ◽

Diffusion Chambers ◽

Botulinum Type

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Inhibitory Effects of Various Salts and/or Ionic Strengths on Growth from Clostridium botulinum 52A Spores or Vegetative Cells

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-48.5.421 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 421-428 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. K. WAGNER ◽

F. F. BUSTA

Keyword(s):

Ionic Strength ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Potassium Sorbate ◽

Chloride Salt ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Vegetative Cells ◽

Inhibition Of Growth ◽

The Mean ◽

Ph Level ◽

Peptone Yeast Extract Glucose

Growth response from spores and vegetative cells of Clostridium botulinum strain 52A in peptone-yeast extract-glucose (PYEG) broth at two pH levels (5.55 or 5.85) containing sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) (0, 0.2, 0.4%), NaCl (0, 1.25, 2.50%) and/or potassium sorbate (KS) (0, 0.13, 0.26%) was measured as the mean A630 nm of 20 tubes at 37°C. Additional treatments contained KC1 and MgCl2 (0, 1.25, 2.50%) without SAPP or KS. Growth ratios (GR = treatment/control) based on time to reach A630 = 0.35 were calculated to compare effects of additives on strain 52A. Growth from spores was affected significantly (p≤0.01) by pH level. KS and KS/pH interactions were also significant factors in growth from both spores and vegetative cells; SAPP/pH interactions were significant for cell growth, only. Combinations of SAPP (0.2, 0.4%) NaCl (0%) and KS (0.26%) were the most favorable treatments for delaying growth from spores or vegetative cells. NaCl (1.25, 2.50%) decreased antibotulinal effects produced by combinations of SAPP and KS. Elimination of NaCl enhanced antibotulinal effects. Formulations containing KC1 or MgCl2 (without SAPP and KS) at the same molarity as the NaCl in earlier treatments (0.21, 0.43) resulted in inhibition of growth from vegetative cells greater than growth from spores in the presence of MgCl2 at M = 0.43 (ionic strength = 1.29). This inhibition was more evident at pH 5.55 than pH 5.85. This study in a model system suggests ionic strength and/or chloride salt may be important considerations when manipulating formulations of additives designed to control C. botulinum growth.

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Electron microscopy of leukocyte interaction with spores of Clostridium botulinum type A

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m72-256 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 1651-1655 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jon B. Suzuki ◽

Nicholas Grecz

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Spore Germination ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽

Type A ◽

Body Fluids ◽

Slow Process ◽

Vegetative Cells ◽

Botulinum Type ◽

Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Phagocytosis of toxic spores of Clostridium botulinum type A by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes as revealed by electron microscopy involves engulfment on contact and rapid inclusion into phagocytic vacuoles, followed by a rather slow process of spore germination within the next 8 h. Once germinated, spores appear to be degraded intra-phagocytically almost instantaneously. No outgrowth of spores into vegetative cells was observed either within the leukocytes or outside. Pathogenicity of C. botulinum spores seems to depend on germination of spores within the phagocyte, degradation of germinated spores, and release of spore-bound toxin into body fluids; thus causing potentially fatal botulism poisoning.

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Effect of Potassium Sorbate on Toxinogenesis by Clostridium botulinum in Bacon

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-41.8.621 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 41 (8) ◽

pp. 621-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

F. J. IVEY ◽

K. J. SHAVER ◽

L. N. CHRISTIANSEN ◽

R. B. TOMPKIN

Keyword(s):

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Microbial Growth ◽

Type A ◽

Potassium Sorbate ◽

Type B ◽

Commercial Sample ◽

Cured Meats ◽

Flavor Panel

In an effort to reduce the initial levels of nitrite used to cure bacon and still supply the botulinal inhibition expected in cured meats, bacon was produced at nitrite levels of 0 and 40 ppm NaNO2 with and without 0.13 and 0.26% potassium sorbate. This bacon was inoculated with 1100 spores per g of a mixture of five Type A and five Type B strains of Clostridium botulinum. The time for occurrence of the first swollen package and number of toxic swells were recorded over 110 days of incubation at 27 C. The above variables were compared to bacon containing 80 and 120 ppm NaNO2 as well as a commercial sample. Presence of potassium sorbate in the cure significantly reduced the number of toxic swollen packages occurring during incubation and lengthened the time before a toxic swollen package was observed. The presence or absence of 40 ppm NaNO2 appeared to have no significant effect on the sorbate inhibition of C. botulinum in bacon in this study. Microbial growth of uninoculated samples was also retarded by addition of potassium sorbate to the brine. Flavor panel evaluations indicated that potassium sorbate decreased preference slightly using experienced judges. Also, reduced occurrence of nitrosopyrrolidine with reduced nitrite was observed.

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Influence of Potassium Sorbate and pH on Ten Strains of Type A and B Clostridium botulinum

Journal of Food Science ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb12938.x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 2028-2032 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. C. BLOCHER ◽

F. F. BUSTA ◽

J. N. SOFOS

Keyword(s):

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Type A ◽

Potassium Sorbate

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In vitro and in vivo Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Against Clostridium botulinum Type A Botulinum

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163815666180403163946 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Aminianfar ◽

Siavash Parvardeh ◽

Mohsen Soleimani

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Type A ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Nano Silver

Background: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, a serious paralytic illness that results from the ingestion of a botulinum toxin. Because silver nanoparticle products exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, applications for silver nanoparticles in healthcare have expanded. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of botulism toxicity using silver nanoparticles. Methods: A preliminary test was conducted using doses that produce illness in laboratory animals to determine the absolute lethal dose (LD100) of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in mice. Next, the test animals were divided into six groups containing six mice each. Groups I, II and III were the negative control (botulinum toxin only), positive control-1 (nano-silver only) and positive control-2 (no treatment), respectively. The remaining groups were allocated to the toxin that was supplemented with three nano-silver treatments. Results: The mortality rates of mice caused by BoNT/A significantly reduced in the treatment groups with different doses and injection intervals of nano-silver when compared to the negative control group. BoNT/A toxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum causes rapid death while when coupled with nano-osilver results in delayed death in mice. Conclusion: These results, while open to future improvement, represent a preliminary step towards the satisfactory control of BoNT/A with the use of silver nanoparticles for human protection against this bioterrorism threat. Further study in this area can elucidate the underlying mechanism for detoxifying BoNT/A by silver nanoparticles.

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