scholarly journals The evolution of cooperation and altruism – a general framework and a classification of models

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1365-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LEHMANN ◽  
L. KELLER
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation

scholarly journals A novel framework for classification of selection mechanisms in epidemiological research

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Bjork ◽  
Anton Nilsson ◽  
Carl Bonander ◽  
Ulf Strömberg
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Epidemiological Research ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Selection Mechanisms

Abstract Background: Non-participation, losses to follow up and other types of study-specific selection mechanisms can be serious concerns in epidemiological studies. There are also selection processes that result in non-random groupings and changes in the composition of populations. These are continuously on-going irrespectively of whether they are subject to sampling in empirical studies. Such population selections are often overlooked, but may lead to lack of comparability of exposed and unexposed populations or decrease study validity in other ways. The overall aim of this study was to develop a simple but general framework for classifying various types of selection mechanisms of relevance for epidemiological research. Methods: We classify selection mechanisms in three dimensions: i) selection at the population level vs. selection that is study-specific, ii) type of mechanism (selection causing exposure vs. selection in population at risk), iii) timing of the selection (pre-exposure, during exposure or post-outcome). Results: Examples from the epidemiological literature of selection mechanisms are discussed and classified according to the three dimensions of the proposed framework. Conclusions: Increased mechanistic understanding of when, how, and why confusion of effects can occur because of selection is an important step towards improved validity of epidemiological research.

scholarly journals Between Self-awareness and Descent: Constructing Lithuanian Identity in Re-established Lithuania, 1988–1993

Lituanistica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius Daukšas
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Main Criterion ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Core Element ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of

The early years of the independence of the Lithuanian state in the last decade of the twentieth century witnessed the construction of the nationhood through the evolving definition of “we” and “the other” in the nation. The Lithuanian diaspora took an active part in the discussions of defining one’s belonging to a nation. The core element in the discussion was the Law on Citizenship of the Republic Lithuania of 1991, which could be seen as a tool for classification of the population in defining an individual’s belonging to the nation. In this law, gradual clarification of the notion of the Lithuanian descent could be seen as inclusion of the diaspora in the category of ‘we’ in the general framework of the nationhood. The analysis of media articles of that period gives a vivid picture of the process of the construction of national belonging and reveals quite innovative interpretations of belonging proposed by the diaspora. Lithuanian émigrés questioned the established assumption in nationalist thinking that regarded the territory as the main precondition for belonging to a nation; instead, they suggested definitions of belonging based on common self-awareness, language, and the like, but their main criterion was the Lithuanian descent.

scholarly journals On Uniform Exponential Trichotomy in Banach Spaces

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monteola Ilona Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Banach Spaces ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Half Line ◽  
Evolution Operators ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Exponential Trichotomy

AbstractIn this paper we consider three concepts of uniform exponential trichotomy on the half-line in the general framework of evolution operators in Banach spaces. We obtain a systematic classification of uniform exponential trichotomy concepts and the connections between them.

scholarly journals Clifford modules and invariants of quadratic forms

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Max Karoubi ◽  
Jean-Pierre Serre
Keyword(s):  
Clifford Algebra ◽  
Quadratic Forms ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Commutative Rings ◽  
Independent Interest ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Clifford Modules

AbstractWe construct new invariants of quadratic forms over commutative rings, using ideas from Topology. More precisely, we define a hermitian analog of the Bott class with target algebraic K-theory, based on the classification of Clifford modules. These invariants of quadratic forms go beyond the classical invariants defined via the Clifford algebra. An appendix by J.-P. Serre, of independent interest, describes the “square root” of the Bott class in the general framework of lambda rings.

General Framework for Dynamic Substructuring: History, Review and Classification of Techniques

AIAA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1169-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. de Klerk ◽  
D. J. Rixen ◽  
S. N. Voormeeren
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Dynamic Substructuring

scholarly journals Feature-Based Diversity Optimization for Problem Instance Classification

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Wanru Gao ◽  
Samadhi Nallaperuma ◽  
Frank Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Search ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Problem Instance ◽  
Search Methods ◽  
Local Search Methods ◽  
Good Classification ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Heuristic Search Methods ◽  
Travelling Salesperson Problem

Understanding the behaviour of heuristic search methods is a challenge. This even holds for simple local search methods such as 2-OPT for the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP). In this article, we present a general framework that is able to construct a diverse set of instances which are hard or easy for a given search heuristic. Such a diverse set is obtained by using an evolutionary algorithm for constructing hard or easy instances which are diverse with respect to different features of the underlying problem. Examining the constructed instance sets, we show that many combinations of two or three features give a good classification of the TSP instances in terms of whether they are hard to be solved by 2-OPT.

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