THE FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPH NODE AS OBSERVED FROM HYPOPLASTIC AND HYPOFUNCTIONAL CONDITIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC TISSUE

1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-307
Author(s):  
Soichi Iijima
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue

scholarly journals CT for estimating adequacy of lymph node dissection in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiaan A. Rees ◽  
Joshua H. Litchman ◽  
Xiaotian Wu ◽  
Mariah M. Servos ◽  
Darcy A. Kerr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Node Dissection ◽  
Cervical Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Node Dissection ◽  
Tissue Volume ◽  
Resected Tissue ◽  
Volume Estimates

Abstract Background Indices obtained from lymph node dissection specimens, specifically lymph node yield (LNY) and lymph node ratio (LNR), have prognostic significance in the setting of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCa). However, there are currently no validated tools to estimate adequacy of planned lymph node dissection using preoperative data. The present study sought to evaluate CT-derived estimates of lymphatic tissue volumes as a preoperative tool to guide cervical node dissection. Methods Fifteen cervical lymph node dissections were performed in 14 subjects with HNSCCa. Preoperative CT-derived estimates of lymphatic tissue volumes were compared with gross pathology tissue volume estimates and pathologically-determined LNY. Results Resected tissue volume (calculated using the triaxial ellipsoid method) correlates with CT-derived preoperative lymphatic volume estimates (r = 0.74, p = 0.003) while LNY does not(r = − 0.12, p = 0.67). When excluding pathologically enlarged lymph nodes (“refined” data), a negative correlation was observed between refined CT-derived volume estimates and refined LNY (r = − 0.65, p = 0.009). Conclusion In the setting of cervical lymph node dissection, CT-derived lymphatic volume estimates correlate with resected tissue volume, but refined CT-derived volume estimates correlate negatively with refined LNY. Trial registration Retrospectively registered. Level of evidence 4

Morphology of the lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snježana Vuković ◽  
H. Lucić ◽  
H. Gomerčić ◽  
Martina Duras Gomerčić ◽  
T. Gomerčić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Node ◽  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽  
Striped Dolphin ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph

Morphology of the lymph nodes was examined in six bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea. All animals had been found dead in nature. One group of the nodes was taken from the tracheal branching area and was marked as bifurcational lymph node, and the other group was taken from the mesenteric root and was marked as mesenteric lymph node. Microscopic analysis showed that the lymph nodes in both dolphin specieswere surrounded by a connective tissue capsule comprising smooth muscle cells. The parenchyma of the mesenteric and bifurcational lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphinwas divided into the peripherally situated cortex with the lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue, and the centrally situated medulla structured of the medullary cords separated by the medullary sinuses. These lymph nodes structurally correspond to the lymph nodes in the majority of terrestrial mammals. The mesenteric lymph node of striped dolphin also had a peripherally situated cortex and a centrally positioned medulla as the majority of terrestrial mammals. In the bifurcational lymph nodes of striped dolphin, there was a central dense lymphatic tissue with the lymphatic nodules and a peripheral less dense lymphatic tissue structured of the cell cords and sinuses. The bifurcational lymph node in striped dolphinresembledporcine lymph nodes and belonged to the inverse lymph nodes.

scholarly journals PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE LYMPHATIC TISSUES OF RATS AS STUDIED WITH TRITIUM-LABELED THYMIDINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Craddock ◽  
George S. Nakai ◽  
Hajime Fukuta ◽  
Louise M. Vanslager
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cell Renewal ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Dna Labeling ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Prolonged Retention

Cytokinetic data are presented, employing quantitation of H3DNA in the lymphatic tissues of normal rats serially sacrificed after H3Tdr administration. A marked difference in the patterns of initial labeling and label loss was observed between the thymus and peripheral lymphatic tissue. The data are compatible with other indications of rapid cell renewal in the thymus. There is suppression of initial uptake of H3Tdr into the DNA of each large lymphocytic progenitor cell in the thymus, apparently because of a feedback of thymidine containing material from small lymphocytes in the thymus. Depletion of the thymus of small cells, as by operative stress or whole body x-ray, leads to a marked increase in the uptake of H3Tdr into the DNA of large thymocytes. This finding, which is in agreement with the previous findings of Sugino et al. (33, 34) suggesting transfer of thymine nucleotides from small thymus lymphocytes to precursor cells, may or may not be related to the apparent transfer of DNA label between thymic cells. The evidence for the latter consists of the curvilinear dilution of the DNA label in the thymus proliferating cell population and the relationship between the rate of DNA label dilution in large cells and the H3DNA in the small cells in the thymus. After the DNA label in progenitor cells in the thymus and lymph nodes has entered the small cell population, the subsequent dilution of grains in these dividing cells follows the same slope as the loss of radioactivity from the entire lymph node. There is a long retention of some H3DNA label in the dividing lymph node cell population. This suggests that the loss of radioactivity from the dividing cells and from the small cell population as a whole occurs equally. This pattern prevails regardless of whether the percentage of large and small cells is altered experimentally. These findings can be explained by an interchange of the DNA nuclear label between small lymphocytes and large lymphocytes. This could occur by some process such as phagocytosis or pinocytosis, or by transformation of the small lymphocyte into a large, dividing cell. The data fit best with the latter possibility. All or any of these mechanisms would lead to an equilibration of the DNA label between large and small cells. This finding prevents the assignment of a finite life span to lymphocytes on the basis of DNA labeling kinetics. Nevertheless, there appear to be at least two different types of lymphocytes. One, the "thymus-type" lymphocyte, is found in the thymus cortex, bone marrow and germinal centers of lymphoid follicles. The other type, found abundantly in the widespread peripheral lymphatic tissue, shows a very prolonged retention of DNA label and is believed to be the recirculating, "immunologically committed" cells described by others. These cells do not appear to enter the thymus cortex.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE, β-GLUCURONIDASE AND N-ACETYL-β-GLUCOSAMINIDASE ACTIVITIES IN LYMPHOCYTES OF LYMPHATIC TISSUES OF MAN AND RODENTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORIKAZU TAMAOKI ◽  
EDWARD ESSNER
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity ◽  
Splenic White Pulp ◽  
Cryostat Sections ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activities were demonstrated in lymphocytes of man and various rodents using formalin-fixed cryostat sections. Lymphocytes were heterogeneous in respect to the activity of these enzymes, depending on the location of cells in the lymphatic tissues. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrable in lymphocytes located in the diffuse lymphatic tissue of the cortex of the lymph node and around the central arteriole of the splenic white pulp of all species studied. In man and in rat, the majority of lymphocytes in these areas also showed β-glucuronidase activity whereas, in the mouse, none had β-glucuronidase but many had N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity. Most of the lymphocytes in the mantle of the germinal centers and in the lymphatic nodules of the splenic white pulp were negative for all three enzymes studied. The thymic lymphocytes were positive for acid phosphatase, but usually negative for β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The possible significance of these differences is discussed.

scholarly journals THE FATE OF INJECTED PARTICULATE ANTIGENS IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES

1946 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Harris ◽  
W. E. Ehrich
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Regional Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Soluble Substance ◽  
Antigenic Material ◽  
Soluble Material ◽  
In Cells

Earlier studies have shown that the injection of antigenic material into the pad of the rabbit's foot is followed by the appearance of antibodies in the regional lymph node, in lymph coming from that node, and especially in the lymphocytes present in such efferent lymph. In the present work the fate of particulate antigenic material has been investigated during the period between its injection into the foot of the rabbit and the appearance of antibodies in the regional lymphatic tissue. It has been found that soluble substance of the same immunologic specificity as the antigenic material injected can be identified in extracts of the injected tissue and of the regional lymph node, and in the efferent lymph from that node. The concentration of this soluble material falls off slowly in the injected tissue in the course of the few days following the injection. It falls off quickly in the extract of the lymph node and in the lymph itself, and its disappearance is succeeded by the appearance of antibody. Evidence is presented that the immunologically active substance is derived from the injected antigenic material by a physiologic process, and this process is discussed as the means by which antigens, originally comprised in cells, are made available to the lymphocyte.

scholarly journals CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN HODGKIN’S DISEASE

Blood ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 2 (Special_Issue_Number_1) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
J. FORTEZA-BOVER
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue

Abstract The results of cytomorphologic observations in 18 patients with Hodgkin’s disease as studied by lymph node puncture showed: 1. The origin of proliferative elements from the reticulum of the lymphatic tissue. 2. The aggressive growth and rapid evolution of a neoplastic nature in some cases of Hodgkin’s disease. 3. The value of lymph node puncture as a diagnostic method and an aid in following the course of the disease.

scholarly journals Inhibition of hyaluronan uptake in lymphatic tissue by chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan

1989 ◽  
Vol 264 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Tzaicos ◽  
J R E Fraser ◽  
E Tsotsis ◽  
W G Kimpton
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Peripheral Lymph Node ◽  
Metabolic Turnover ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Afferent Lymph

Afferent lymph vessels entering the popliteal lymph nodes of sheep were infused with [3H]acetyl-labelled hyaluronan [HA; Mr of (0.85-1.2) x 10(5)] for up to 4 h at a rate of 17.4-23.1 micrograms/h. As much as 22.8 micrograms (99%) of infused [3H]HA was taken up by the node per h and degraded. During this interval it was observed that infused HA polymers of higher Mr were absorbed by the node to a greater degree than those of lower Mr. When proteoglycan monomer (PG; Mr 5 x 10(5); 400 micrograms of hexuronic acid/h) was infused concurrently with [3H]HA, the absolute amount of radioactivity appearing in efferent lymph (i.e. labelled material not absorbed by the node) increased, whereas the amount of labelled metabolites of low Mr was reduced considerably. During this period the Mr distribution of labelled HA in efferent outflow reverted to that of the infused material within 30-60 min. Our findings suggest that PG subunits and their chondroitin sulphate chains compete with HA for uptake into the peripheral lymph node of sheep. This indicates that PG, chondroitin sulphate and HA share the same pathway of elimination in this tissue, and is consistent with the view that the lymph node is involved in the metabolic turnover of normal intracellular matrix.

Lymphatic Tissue Engineering: A Further Step for Successful Lymphedema Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Spörlein ◽  
Patrick A. Will ◽  
Katja Kilian ◽  
Emre Gazyakan ◽  
Justin M. Sacks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Oncologic Surgery ◽  
Secondary Lymphedema ◽  
Microsurgical Techniques ◽  
Lymph Node Transfer ◽  
Lymphovenous Anastomosis ◽  
Lymph Node Harvesting

Abstract Background Secondary lymphedema, caused by oncologic surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, is one of the most relevant, nononcological complications affecting cancer survivors. Severe functional deficits can result in impairing quality of life and a societal burden related to increased treatment costs. Often, conservative treatments are not sufficient to alleviate lymphedema or to prevent stage progression of the disease, as they do not address the underlying etiology that is the disruption of lymphatic pathways. In recent years, lymphatic surgery approaches were revolutionized by advances in microsurgical technique. Currently, lymphedema can effectively be treated by procedures such as lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) and lymph node transfer (LNT). However, not all patients have suitable lymphatic vessels, and lymph node harvesting is associated with risks. In addition, some data have revealed nonresponders to the microsurgical techniques. Methods A literature review was performed to evaluate the value of lymphatic tissue engineering for plastic surgeons and to give an overview of the achievements, challenges, and goals of the field. Results While certain challenges exist, including cell harvesting, nutrient supply, biocompatibility, and hydrostatic properties, it is possible and desirable to engineer lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. The path toward clinical translation is considered more complex for LNTs secondary to the complex microarchitecture and pending final mechanistic clarification, while LVA is more straight forward. Conclusion Lymphatic tissue engineering has the potential to be the next step for microsurgical treatment of secondary lymphedema. Current and future researches are necessary to optimize this clinical paradigm shift for improved surgical treatment of lymphedema.

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