The Determinants of Labour Supply and Demand in Irrigated Agriculture: A Case Study of the Gezira Scheme in Sudan

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman Mohammed Babikir ◽  
Babiker Idris Babiker
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture

Costa Rica’s Water Paradox: Linking Rainforests and Droughts through the Water-Energy-Food-Environment Nexus in Guanacaste Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Magliocca ◽  
Eugenio Gonzalez-Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Continental Divide ◽  
Agricultural Regions

Costa Rica is known as a verdant, tropical paradise with rich rainforests, abundant wildlife, striking mountains and volcanoes, and picturesque beaches. However, the perceived abundance of Costa Rica’s water resources is only true for part of the country. The same geography and climate that bring abundant precipitation to most of southern Costa Rica and its Caribbean coast also leave the northern Pacific province of Guanacaste with substantially less rainfall and even periods of severe drought. This case study focuses on Guanacaste province, which is a major tourist destination as well as one of the country’s most productive agricultural regions. Water from the lush Caribbean slopes of the Lake Arenal region is transported across the continental divide through extensive infrastructure projects. Passing through the semi-arid regions of Guanacaste, hydroelectric power generation, extensive irrigated agriculture, and tourism development use most of the water, supporting a rapidly growing regional economy but leaving increasingly less water for environmental flows. This case study introduces students to “nexus thinking” to explore the multiple and overlapping water, energy, and food (WEF) demands and ecological challenges present in Guanacaste province. Each sector and its interconnections with other sectors are examined in turn through introductory lectures, and enriched by WEF systems thinking activities and class discussions. At the conclusion of this case study curriculum, students will be able to identify and characterize points of intersection, i.e., the nexus, of WEF supply and demand, and trade-offs that exist between WEF resources and biodiversity conservation.

Provision of public services by Slovak local governments - Case study social protection – old age: A supply demand mismatch?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Černěnko ◽  
Klaudia Glittová
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Provision Of Services

The aim of the paper is to describe the supply of public services in the field of social protection - old age (represented by expenditures in group 10, class 2 of COFOG classification) in relation to the demand for these services represented by the population in the age group 62+ related to the size and region of the local government unit. The analysis of supply and demand takes place at the level of individual local governments and the results are then presented in relation to the size of the municipality and the region. Two approaches were used for the analysis. The first focuses on the description of the current situation through the categorization of local governments according to the approach to the provision of services, and the second consists in regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis suggest that the size of the municipality and the region do not play as important a role in terms of access to the provision of the examined services as indicated by the first, descriptive analysis. To find a "pattern" for local authorities to decide on access to services for the elderly, further research will be needed that takes into account several socio-economic indicators.

Driving forces of informal labour supply and demand in Germany

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 507-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan D. HAIGNER ◽  
Stefan JENEWEIN ◽  
Friedrich SCHNEIDER ◽  
Florian WAKOLBINGER
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Informal Labour

scholarly journals Benefits and Challenges of Policy Options in Rationing the Hospital Radiology Services: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Jafari ◽  
Mohammad Ranjbar ◽  
Hamideh Mahjoub ◽  
Hamed Ghoshoni ◽  
Mohammad Baghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
System Level ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rationing Policy ◽  
Care Costs

Objective: In many countries, limiting the financial and budgetary resources is a challenge in the health system. One of the most costly parts of the health system is undoubtedly the radiology department of hospitals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the benefits and challenges of the policies proposed for rationing hospital radiology services. Information sources and selected methods for study: In this narrative or literature review study, Persian (SID, Magiran, Barkat Knowledge network system, Irandoc), and Latin (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, ISI web of sciences) databases were searched. The applied keywords were radiology, rationing, distribution, priority setting, resource allocation, and policy brief. In the initial search, 145 articles were studied. Subsequently, after reviewing the titles and abstracts, 65 studies were selected and investigated. Finally, 44 related studies were thoroughly investigated. The inclusion criteria covered the studies in Persian or English. The exclusion criteria included the studies that did not have full texts. Our search included the studies conducted from 1/1/2000 to 1/1/ 2017. Results: The present study examined the benefits and challenges of radiology services rationing. Policy options were presented at 3 levels of provider, organizational, and system. The provider level consisted of training clinical and non-clinical personnel to use and maintain the medical equipment and requiring the physicians to use clinical guidelines. The organization level included reviewing imaging tariffs, entering insurance in controlling supply and demand for radiology services, and assessing equipment by the Institute for Health Technology Assessment. The system level contained assignment of radiological services to the private sector. Conclusion: As health care costs are rising and resources are increasingly constrained by ever-increasing demands, policy makers and officials can use the proposed solutions with regard to contextual conditions to design a rationing model. Services at the macro level of the health system and operationalization of the rationing process reduce the gap between supply and demand of the health services.  

Optimizing agricultural production with socioeconomic considerations: A case study from Palestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-89
Author(s):  
Fathi M. Anayah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Multiple Objective ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Weighted Goal Programming ◽  
Socioeconomic Considerations

Agriculture is not only the main source of income to most Palestinian families; it is also the link to connect them to their valuable land and water resources. Farmers seek assistance from agronomists and decision makers to cultivate the proper products. In this study, the best selection of agricultural crops is addressed in the multiple-objective context. The study deals with three conflicting objective functions: net benefit, agricultural production, and labor employment. Four-stage procedure is adopted combining multiple-objective optimization, simple valuation methods, cluster analysis, and multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methods. Pareto optimal curves are used to evaluate the marginal prices of both land area and labor day. The theories of utility and benefit cost are applied to rank the non-dominant alternatives. Two MCDM methods, namely weighted goal programming and step methods, are employed in the evaluation. The above methodology is applied to the case study of Qalqilya District in which irrigated agriculture under semi-arid conditions prevails. The results show that Pareto optimal is a powerful tool to determine the marginal price of non-monetary commodities. It is also found that the average annual net benefit, agricultural production, and labor employment for the cultivated area are $941,423, 3,288 tons, and 14,671 days, respectively, in the best compromise plan. The inclusion of socioeconomic considerations in decision making on agricultural systems is crucial for their sustainable development.

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