THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INCOME VARIABILITY ON SAVINGS BEHAVIOUR

Many decisions made by farm producers are based on expectations. The process of formulating and incorporating these expectations into decision making is difficult when high variability occurs in product prices, crop yields, production costs, or other factors affecting net income. Farm producers may be influenced by a number of goals in selecting combinations of crops to produce and marketing outlets for the crops. Two goals generally held to be important to farm decision makers are maximization of net income and net income stability. Given the price, yield, and cost of production variability characteristics of a farm enterprise and these two goals of farm decision makers, a fundamental problem is to determine what combination of alternative marketing actions can best satisfy the two objectives. A systematic examination of the relationship between the level of net income and net income variability for combinations of marketing alternatives would aid farmers in deciding on marketing actions to attain these goals.

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Male Income, Female Income, and Household Income Inequality in Israel: A Decomposition Analysis

Journal of Income Distribution ◽

10.25071/1874-6322.23679 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Ayal Kimhi

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Household Income ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Female Education ◽

Total Income ◽

Good For ◽

Income Variability ◽

Positive Effect

Differentiating between the sensitivity of income inequality to male income and female income and decomposing inequality by income determinants, we find that total income inequality is less sensitive to female income variability or the level of female income, than to male income variability or the level of male income. Uniform increases in education reduce income inequality, with increases in female education having a larger effect than increases in male education. An increase in the population fraction of ethnic minorities has a positive effect on inequality, but this operates mostly through female income. All this suggests that female income is the most adequate target for inequality-reducing policy, and that within-household gender equality is good for reducing income inequality among households.

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Effects of direct payments on rice income variability in Japan*

Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics ◽

10.1111/1467-8489.12445 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Atomu Nitta ◽

Yasutaka Yamamoto ◽

Simone Severini ◽

Katsunobu Kondo ◽

Daisuke Sawauchi

Keyword(s):

Direct Payments ◽

Income Variability

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Measuring Tourism Seasonality Across Selected Mediterranean Countries

KnE Social Sciences ◽

10.18502/kss.v4i1.5990 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Natali Suštar ◽

Marina Laškarin Ažić

Keyword(s):

Extreme Values ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Employment Level ◽

Research Areas ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

Seasonal Characteristics ◽

Seasonality Index ◽

The Stability ◽

Income Variability ◽

Overnight Stays

Seasonality, as one of the key features of tourist activity, represents an unavoidable topic in scientific and professional analyses, whose aim it is to determine its causal effects. The economic consequences of seasonality are the kind of consequences that are most often emphasized and considered in discussions. They include inefficiencies in resource use, income variability, changes in the employment level, etc. However, only a few analyses have provided a more in-depth discussion of the common problems of seasonality among the Mediterranean countries. The most commonly used method of calculating the Gini coefficient will be used in order to estimate seasonality. This coefficient is characterized by certain advantages, such as taking into account the distribution asymmetry and the relative insensitivity to extreme values, as well as the stability indication of overnight stays distribution in a single year. Based on individual calculations of the seasonality index, this paper will provide a unique view of the similarities and differences between countries with regards to seasonal tourism oscillations. The analysis will cover the total number of tourists’ overnight stays in hotels and similar accommodation facilities, RevPAR revenue, and the average room price – ADR per month between 2007 and 2017. This paper will focus on determining the seasonal characteristics of the selected Mediterranean countries. The quantitative seasonality calculation will be a key indicator for seasonality measurements across different research areas. The contribution of this paper is reflected in the application of financial and non-financial indicators in hotel business that has not yet been implemented. Keywords: Tourism seasonality, RevPAR, ADR, gini index

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Kheyti: Product and Business Development at an AgTech Social Enterprise

Kellogg School of Management Cases ◽

10.1108/case.kellogg.2021.000033 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Mohanbir Sawhney ◽

Saumya

Keyword(s):

Social Enterprise ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Low Cost ◽

Pilot Project ◽

Agricultural Technology ◽

Non Profit ◽

Early Adopters ◽

The Cost ◽

Income Variability ◽

Cash Reserves

In early 2017, after launching its successful “Greenhouse-in-a-Box” pilot project in India with fifteen smallholder farmers, Kheyti, a non-profit agricultural technology (AgTech) social enterprise, was struggling with several decisions in developing and growing its business. Kheyti was launched in 2015 to help smallholder farmers battle poverty and income variability by providing affordable technologies bundled with services. Over eighteen months, the team had developed a low-cost and modular greenhouse product to which it added financing, inputs, training, and market linkages to create a comprehensive “full-stack” solution for small farmers. The pilot project was a success in many ways, but Saumya, Kheyti's co-founder and head of product, was concerned that it revealed shortcomings that could severely affect the viability and scalability of Kheyti's solution. Saumya had some important decisions to make. Should Kheyti redesign the product from scratch, or find other ways to reduce the cost for early adopters? Should it rely on upfront revenues from sales of the greenhouse, or consider developing an innovative financing or contract farming model? Kheyti's dwindling cash reserves meant that these decisions were urgent and critical. The path chosen now would determine whether the startup would move beyond the pilot stage and achieve its vision of serving 1 million farmers by 2025.

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A Portfolio Approach to Landscape Plant Production and Marketing

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s1074070800018927 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 13-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

David L. Purcell ◽

Steven C. Turner ◽

Jack Houston ◽

Charles Hall

Keyword(s):

Quadratic Programming ◽

Decision Model ◽

Programming Model ◽

Portfolio Analysis ◽

Plant Production ◽

Empirical Results ◽

Landscape Plant ◽

Portfolio Approach ◽

Income Variability

AbstractThe ornamental horticultural industry continues to be one of the most rapidly expanding sectors in agriculture. This study examined a decision model for landscape plant production based on portfolio analysis. A quadratic programming model was developed to generate an optimal crop portfolio for a selected southeastern nursery. Empirical results indicate opportunities exist for modest diversification to offset income variability in landscape plant production and marketing.

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Investor Decision in Estimating the Effect of Earning Persistence, Financial Leverage, Foreign Ownership Toward Company Reputation and Company Value

International Journal of Financial Research ◽

10.5430/ijfr.v11n4p453 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 453

Author(s):

Robert Jao ◽

Djabir Hamzah ◽

Abdul Rakhman Laba ◽

Mediaty Mediaty

Keyword(s):

Corporate Reputation ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Foreign Ownership ◽

Free Cash Flow ◽

Corporate Value ◽

Financial Leverage ◽

Company Value ◽

Company Reputation ◽

Income Variability

Understanding company effort on managing corporate reputation and corporate value are challenging tasks among investors. This paper provides an estimated relationship of earning persistence, financial leverage, and foreign ownership on corporate reputation and corporate value on non-financial companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange. Data are collected from a five-year observation period, ranging 2014 to 2018. A Non probability sampling technique is purposively used to determine the data quality. The collected data are analyzed and processed using SEM method. This study provides a qualitative result showing the relationship among the variables. The financial leverage has no significant effect on company value. In addition, financial leverage also has no significant impact on company reputation compared to foreign ownership toward company reputation. Earning persistence has significantly affected the company value followed by income variability with equal effect toward corporate reputation. Future study can add additional independent variables such as free cash flow and growth opportunities to expand this study.

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