Opening up the secret city of Stepnogorsk: biological weapons in the Former Soviet Union

Area ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitríona McLeish
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Opening Up

Public Health Laboratory Preparedness; Bioterrorism the New Challenge

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
Richard F. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
State And Local ◽  
High Level

In the event of a bioterrorist attack, rapid screening, agent identification, and confirmatory diagnosis will be critical, so that prevention and treatment measures can be implemented quickly. However, because few biologic agents thought likely to be used as biological weapons represent major public health problems in the United States, we have limited capacity to diagnose them, either at the state and local or the federal level. to begin to address this new public health challenge the Laboratory Response Network for Bioterrorism (LRN) was established.The LRN is a multi-level system designed to link state and local public health laboratories, clinical, military, veterinary, agricultural, water and food-testing laboratories. Operational in August of 1999, the LRN was established as a consequence of Presidential Decision Directive 39, increased congressional awareness of the huge biological weapons program in the former Soviet Union, the high level of risk to national security and subsequent emergency funding to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under the DHHS Operating Plan for Anti- Bioterrorism Initiative.

Vaccines for Peace: An International Program of Development and Use of Vaccines Against Dual-Threat Agents

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erhard Geissler
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Natural Health ◽  
Weapons Proliferation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention

This article recommends establishment of an international Vaccines for Peace (VFP) program to undertake research on and production of vaccines against pathogens (and possibly toxins) that pose natural health threats and that are also putative biological (and toxin) weapons. Vaccines for Peace is designed to contribute to health care in developing countries, enhance international cooperation in biotechnology, and reduce the danger of weapons proliferation. Vaccine development would be carried out openly and would involve scientists from developing countries that are States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention, as well as personnel and facilities from the former Soviet Union. The program would thus help convert biological defense personnel and facilities to peaceful purposes. The program would be administered by the World Health Organization.

‘Open water room’ = ‘hot water room’?

English Today ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Mingwu Xu ◽  
Chuanmao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Opening Up

The rupture between China and the former Soviet Union in the 1960s saw English replace Russian to become the most important foreign language in mainland China, and with the implementation of opening-up in the late 1970s, English was used more and more widely, especially in foreign-related public service areas. The use of English in China was accelerated by the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 Shanghai Expo. However, there were various problems with the use of English, notably in bilingual public signs (BISU-CSRC, 2007; Wang & Zhang, 2016) (see Figure 1). As a result, the derogatory word ‘Chinglish’ was invented by Pinkham (2000) as an umbrella term for all kinds of problematic English used by Chinese people. Since 2006, in response to this situation, the provincial and central governments in the country have made great efforts to offer guidelines for the use of English in public signs. For example, on June 20, 2017, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the State Language Commission (SLC) and the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) jointly issued the Guidelines for the Use of English in Public Service Areas (GUEPSA) which came into effect on December 1, 2017.

scholarly journals Seventy years of Chinese anthropology

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jijiao Zhang ◽  
Yue Wu
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Reconstruction Period ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
At Home

AbstractThis paper examines the 70-year history of Chinese anthropology from domestic and international perspectives since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. The policy of reform and opening-up in 1978 was a turning point in Chinese anthropology. Within the 30 years before the reform and opening-up, Chinese anthropology was more or less at a 10-year standstill that was then followed by a boom influenced by the former Soviet Union. The continued development of Chinese anthropology in the 40 years after reform and opening-up can be divided into five stages based on “major events” and “internationalization.” The first stage (1978–1995) can be described as a discipline reconstruction period; the second stage (1995–1999) witnessed the fast development and internationalization of Chinese anthropology; in the third stage (2000–2008), Chinese anthropology became an important discipline at home with improving international integration. The fourth stage (2009–2012) exhibited the initial formation of the discipline system and frequent international exchanges; and the fifth stage saw deepening domestic anthropology research and increasing overseas studies (from 2013 to present). In the past 70 years, and especially in the 40 years of reform and opening-up, Chinese anthropology has developed greatly in many aspects, including institution building, degree awarding, talent training, research communities establishing, conferences held at home and abroad, engagement with hotly-debated issues, and has existed with both advantages and disadvantages. All these demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese anthropology that are different from the discipline as practiced in the West.

Marital Stability Among Jewish and Mixed Couples Following Immigration to Israel From the Former Soviet Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Lavee ◽  
Ludmila Krivosh
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Marital Instability ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
Marital Outcomes ◽  
Jewish Immigrants

This research aims to identify factors associated with marital instability among Jewish and mixed (Jewish and non-Jewish) couples following immigration from the former Soviet Union. Based on the Strangeness Theory and the Model of Acculturation, we predicted that non-Jewish immigrants would be less well adjusted personally and socially to Israeli society than Jewish immigrants and that endogamous Jewish couples would have better interpersonal congruence than mixed couples in terms of personal and social adjustment. The sample included 92 Jewish couples and 92 ethnically-mixed couples, of which 82 couples (40 Jewish, 42 mixed) divorced or separated after immigration and 102 couples (52 Jewish, 50 ethnically mixed) remained married. Significant differences were found between Jewish and non-Jewish immigrants in personal adjustment, and between endogamous and ethnically-mixed couples in the congruence between spouses in their personal and social adjustment. Marital instability was best explained by interpersonal disparity in cultural identity and in adjustment to life in Israel. The findings expand the knowledge on marital outcomes of immigration, in general, and immigration of mixed marriages, in particular.

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