‘Open water room’ = ‘hot water room’?

English Today ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Mingwu Xu ◽  
Chuanmao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Opening Up

The rupture between China and the former Soviet Union in the 1960s saw English replace Russian to become the most important foreign language in mainland China, and with the implementation of opening-up in the late 1970s, English was used more and more widely, especially in foreign-related public service areas. The use of English in China was accelerated by the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 Shanghai Expo. However, there were various problems with the use of English, notably in bilingual public signs (BISU-CSRC, 2007; Wang & Zhang, 2016) (see Figure 1). As a result, the derogatory word ‘Chinglish’ was invented by Pinkham (2000) as an umbrella term for all kinds of problematic English used by Chinese people. Since 2006, in response to this situation, the provincial and central governments in the country have made great efforts to offer guidelines for the use of English in public signs. For example, on June 20, 2017, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the State Language Commission (SLC) and the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) jointly issued the Guidelines for the Use of English in Public Service Areas (GUEPSA) which came into effect on December 1, 2017.

scholarly journals Mi-2 Helicopters Operating at Sea

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Miłosz Rusiecki
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
The North ◽  
Port Facilities ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Marine Air

Abstract The article describes participation of Mi-2 helicopters in both military and civilian operations at sea. Although the multipurpose Mi-2 rotorcraft were not designed to operate in the harsh environment over the sea, they became - in the second half of the 1960s and in the 1970s - a standard type performing a wide array of tasks at sea. Modern turboshaft engines, a favorable weight-to-power ratio and a dual engine configuration were all factors enabling safe flight over the sea, at considerable distances from land. The specialized Mi-2RM variant designed by WSK PZL Świdnik provided the Naval Aviation with an opportunity to establish, in the 1st half of the 1970s, a unique marine air rescue system. The last Mi-2RM used for rescue missions was decommissioned as late as in 2010, although at that stage it was only used for aircrew training purposes. The Navy was also using the Mi-2Ch variant tasked with creating smokescreens to conceal vessels and port facilities. General purpose variants of the helicopter were used to transport people and goods. They also performed well during patrolling missions and while identifying various types of contamination. As far as civilian use of the helicopters is concerned, Mi-2 versions equipped with special purpose on-board systems supported scientists in the exploration of the Antarctica at two stations of the Polish Academy of Science. The Maritime Authority in Gdynia was also using its own Mi-2 helicopter for over 30 years - until 2015 - for patrolling the Gdańsk and Puck Bays and waters around the Hel Peninsula. The missions were focusing primarily on detecting potential contamination of the coastal areas. In the former Soviet Union, civilian Mi-2 variants were (and still are) standard equipment of deep sea icebreakers operating in the Arctic and around the North Pole. The machines are mainly used for safety purposes, as well as for transporting scientists and groups of extreme tourists. Approximately a dozen Mi-2 purchased from Russia in the mid-1990s, in turn, were used by the Aviation Force of the Mexican Navy. Unfortunately, no further details regarding their use are available.

Russia and South Africa: Historical Memory. Part 1

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-32
Author(s):  
Ndlovu Sifiso Mxolisi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

In order to prove that the relationship between South Africa and Russia began well before the democratic dispensation in South Africa, the author is of the belief that the present Russian state inherited the mantle of the former Soviet Union state and therefore the two place names are used interchangeably. The timeline for this article begins from the 1960s to the present, particularly the era after the formation of post-1994 democratic South Africa. The themes to be analysed relate to the writing of a brief ‘diplomatic’ history of South Africa and the Soviet Union and will focus on progressive internationalism, diplomacy, foreign policy, communism and anti-communism in South Africa.

Mutual Relations between Sheliḥim and Local Teachers at Jewish Schools in the Former Soviet Union

2009 ◽  
pp. 155-171
Author(s):  
Ira Dashevsky ◽  
Uriel Ta’ir
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
World View ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Secular World ◽  
Jewish Schools ◽  
Mutual Relations

This chapter discusses the Heftzibah programme. This programme brings together professional teachers (local as well as sheliḥim) of very different social, cultural, and personal backgrounds. Even among the sheliḥim themselves there is great diversity: some are just starting out on their path in education, while others are close to retirement; some are parents whose children will accompany them on their assignments, others are single or divorced; some are fluent in Russian while others, born in Israel, are taking their first steps in the new language; bearers of a secular world-view have colleagues who are strictly Orthodox or traditional; Ashkenazim work alongside Sephardim. What is common to them all is a sense of mission: a will to pass Jewish and Zionist knowledge on to students in Jewish schools in the FSU. In addition, every shaliaḥ must be in possession of a teaching diploma recognized by the Israeli ministry of education, and at least five years' proven experience in educational work with children.

Intercultural integration and informational infrastructure

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Boyd-Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
News Agencies ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Peaceful Development ◽  
Intercultural Integration

Peaceful development of large and fractious interethnic nations and regions is facilitated by and may require a shared informational infrastructure that meets the following conditions: public service orientation; independence of major state and corporate centers of power; contributing to the functioning of nationwide institutions of economic, political and cultural importance; and commanding benign public perception. With specific reference to the Russian news agency Interfax, this article explores the ‘black box’ of the often touted but seldom explicated relationship between news agencies and national or regional ‘development.’ It finds that Interfax has played an important role in the establishment of a political and economic, horizontal informational infrastructure that meets the above conditions. The article concludes that Interfax contributed to a new informational paradigm, synchronizing with macro processes of political and economic reform, and enveloping a heteroegenous swathe of Russia, the former Soviet Union (FSU) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The agency thus helped create conditions conducive to regional, interethnic stability.

Eli Lederhendler and Uzi Rebhun (eds.), Research in Jewish Demography and Identity. Boston: Academic Press, 2015. 410 pp.

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
Jewish Migration ◽  
Hebrew University ◽  
Jewish Demography ◽  
Jewish Immigrants ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter reviews the book Research in Jewish Demography and Identity (2015), edited by Eli Lederhendler and Uzi Rebhun. Research in Jewish Demography and Identity is a collection of original social scientific essays that pays tribute to Sergio Della Pergola, a distinguished demographer from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The book covers many of the areas of inquiry to which Della Pergola has contributed over the last half century, including historical demography, international and internal migration, culture and politics, socio-demographic variations and mobility, and Jewish identity and culture. Topics include Jewish migration to Palestine and the United States in the early twentieth century; the Jews of Greece between the World Wars; Italian Jewry’s diverse and complex interaction with Israel, Zionism, and the Italian Left in the 1960s; and the mobility of Jewish immigrants in the Former Soviet Union to Israel in the period 1990–2010.

Mexican-Soviet Encounters in the Early 1960s

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-99
Author(s):  
Vanni Pettinà
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cold War

Drawing on new primary sources from former Soviet Union, US and Mexican archives this chapter analyzes the failed process of Mexican-Soviet engagement which took place between the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s. The chapter shows the factors which, for first time since the beginning of the Cold War in 1947, created the conditions for a bilateral rapprochement between the two countries. On the one hand, it shows how the ideological changes fostered by the new Khrushchev leadership made the Soviet Union particularly keen in strengthening its political and economic relations with Latin America and Mexico. Moreover, it shows how Soviet analysis of the international constraints the Western Hemisphere and Mexico faced in advancing their process of economic development fit squarely with Latin American desarrollista perception of the problem and recipes to fix it.

scholarly journals The Oromo National Movement And Gross Human Rights Violations In The Age Of Globalization

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Asafa Jalata
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
National Movement ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

Today, the Oromo are an impoverished and powerless numerical majority and political minority13 in the Ethiopian empire; they have been the colonial subjects of Ethiopia, former Abyssinia, since the last decades of the 19th century. As the Ethiopian state colonized the Oromo with the help European imperialism, it has continued to terrorize, dominate, and exploit them with the help of successive global hegemonic powers such as England, the former Soviet Union, and the United States, To change the deplorable condition of the Oromo people, the Oromo movement is engaging in national struggle to restore the Oromo democratic tradition known as the gadaa system and to liberate the Oromo people from colonialism and all forms of oppression and exploitation by achieving their national self-determination. A few elements of Oromo elites who clearly understood the impact of Ethiopian colonialism and global imperialism on the Oromo society had facilitated the emergence of the Oromo national movement in the 1960s and 1970s by initiating the development of national Oromummaa (Oromo national culture, identity, and nationalism). This paper focuses on and explores three major issues: First, it briefly provides analytical and theoretical insights. Second, the paper explains the past and current status of the Oromo people in relation to gross Oromo human rights violations. Third, it identifies and examines some major constraints and opportunities for the Oromo national movement and the promotion of human rights, social justice, and democracy.

Environmental management master's programme in Kazakhstan: course structure and content

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
N.N. Druz ◽  
S. Heaven ◽  
M.R. Istamkulov ◽  
T.W. Tanton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Course Structure ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Set Up ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

The paper briefly considers changes in the higher education system in Kazahkstan since the break-up of the former Soviet Union. At that time master's programmes did not exist and there was no unified system for their introduction. The one-year environmental management course described was the first of its type and was set up with special permission from the Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Kazakhstan to run on an experimental basis. The course differs significantly from other programmes and, under regulations introduced by the ministry in 2001, it is difficult to see how a broad-based programme aimed at introducing graduates from a variety of backgrounds to environmental issues could be achieved within a one-year period. The permission to run the course is periodically reviewed, however, and has been extended due to the excellent results. The course structure and the philosophy behind it are presented along with some of its history. The aim is not to produce specialists in any one area of environmental management, technology or engineering, but individuals with a broad foundation to build on as their professional careers progress.

scholarly journals Seventy years of Chinese anthropology

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jijiao Zhang ◽  
Yue Wu
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Reconstruction Period ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
At Home

AbstractThis paper examines the 70-year history of Chinese anthropology from domestic and international perspectives since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. The policy of reform and opening-up in 1978 was a turning point in Chinese anthropology. Within the 30 years before the reform and opening-up, Chinese anthropology was more or less at a 10-year standstill that was then followed by a boom influenced by the former Soviet Union. The continued development of Chinese anthropology in the 40 years after reform and opening-up can be divided into five stages based on “major events” and “internationalization.” The first stage (1978–1995) can be described as a discipline reconstruction period; the second stage (1995–1999) witnessed the fast development and internationalization of Chinese anthropology; in the third stage (2000–2008), Chinese anthropology became an important discipline at home with improving international integration. The fourth stage (2009–2012) exhibited the initial formation of the discipline system and frequent international exchanges; and the fifth stage saw deepening domestic anthropology research and increasing overseas studies (from 2013 to present). In the past 70 years, and especially in the 40 years of reform and opening-up, Chinese anthropology has developed greatly in many aspects, including institution building, degree awarding, talent training, research communities establishing, conferences held at home and abroad, engagement with hotly-debated issues, and has existed with both advantages and disadvantages. All these demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese anthropology that are different from the discipline as practiced in the West.

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