scholarly journals Seventy years of Chinese anthropology

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jijiao Zhang ◽  
Yue Wu
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Reconstruction Period ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
At Home

AbstractThis paper examines the 70-year history of Chinese anthropology from domestic and international perspectives since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. The policy of reform and opening-up in 1978 was a turning point in Chinese anthropology. Within the 30 years before the reform and opening-up, Chinese anthropology was more or less at a 10-year standstill that was then followed by a boom influenced by the former Soviet Union. The continued development of Chinese anthropology in the 40 years after reform and opening-up can be divided into five stages based on “major events” and “internationalization.” The first stage (1978–1995) can be described as a discipline reconstruction period; the second stage (1995–1999) witnessed the fast development and internationalization of Chinese anthropology; in the third stage (2000–2008), Chinese anthropology became an important discipline at home with improving international integration. The fourth stage (2009–2012) exhibited the initial formation of the discipline system and frequent international exchanges; and the fifth stage saw deepening domestic anthropology research and increasing overseas studies (from 2013 to present). In the past 70 years, and especially in the 40 years of reform and opening-up, Chinese anthropology has developed greatly in many aspects, including institution building, degree awarding, talent training, research communities establishing, conferences held at home and abroad, engagement with hotly-debated issues, and has existed with both advantages and disadvantages. All these demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese anthropology that are different from the discipline as practiced in the West.

Globalization and catching-up: from recession to growth in transition economies

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz W. Kolodko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Advanced Industrial Economies ◽  
The University ◽  
Recent Policy

The transitional recession in countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union has lasted much longer than expected. The legacy of the past and recent policy mistakes have both contributed to the slow progress. As structural reforms and gradual institution building have taken hold, the post-socialist economies have started to recover, with some leading countries building momentum toward faster growth. There is a possibility that in the wider context of globalization several of these emerging market economies will be able to catch up with the more advanced industrial economies in a matter of one or two generations. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Regents of the University of California.

scholarly journals Modeling volumes emissions of greenhouse gas in cities using data with various details

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-270
Author(s):  
Vladimir Dekhnich
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Actual Energy Consumption ◽  
The City

A comparative analysis of the original methods of modeling urban greenhouse gas emissions caused by communal and transport sectors was carried out. These methods provide information at the level of urban-planning areas limited by the elements of the transport network and characterized by relatively similar buildings. These methods make possible to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from sources of the public sector, such as electricity and heat generation, gas burning for domestic needs. Calculation of emissions from sources of the transport sector includes differentiation by individual street segments. The described methods correspond to different accuracy levels including: the transition from aggregated values to the amount of emissions of individual areas of the city (downscaling); calculations using energy standards; calculations using actual energy consumption data. The considered methods have been tested on the example of the city of Nur-Sultan, that is one of the largest in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The calculation results are close to the actual values of Nur-Sultan's emission. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered methods are described. The factors leading to inaccurate results are considered. It was confirmed that the considered methods can be used for planning climate policy measures, since they allow to identify areas of the city and fields of activity that make the maximum contribution to the formation of greenhouse gas emissions. The considered methods are significant of for the cities of the former Soviet Union, which are characterized by the absence of developed systems for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions, is described, and it becomes necessary to calculate greenhouse gas emissions using indirect sources.

scholarly journals Developments in Russian Historical Studies in China since Reform and Opening-up

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianzhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Russian History ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stalin Era ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Abstract It was not until China’s reform and opening-up that the study of Russian history in China really began. From the reform and opening-up to the present, the study of Russian history in China could be divided into two stages: from the reform and opening-up to the disintegration of the Soviet Union as the first stage; from the disintegration of the Soviet Union to the present is the second stage. During the first stage, Russian history researchers in China basically aimed to throw off shackles on their academic minds, set the chaotic academia straight, and break through the rigid research paradigm set by the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): A Short Course. However, due to the lack of information exchange and new materials for reference, some articles published at that time appeared to be vague and general with very limited perceptions. Some articles completely broke the connection between Lenin era and Stalin era, and often judged Stalin by Lenin as a standard, and without taking Lenin and Stalin both as subjects for academic research. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a large numbers of research results and new materials were published, which greatly promoted China’s Russian history studies into a new stage. Compared with the first stage before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the second stage in Soviet history studies features more in-depth research and more specific research questions with basic innovation achieved in historical facts. China's study of Russian history in the future should focus on using new materials, sorting out historical facts and innovating research methodology, aiming to build an academic system, discourse system and discipline system for itself.

‘Open water room’ = ‘hot water room’?

English Today ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Mingwu Xu ◽  
Chuanmao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Opening Up

The rupture between China and the former Soviet Union in the 1960s saw English replace Russian to become the most important foreign language in mainland China, and with the implementation of opening-up in the late 1970s, English was used more and more widely, especially in foreign-related public service areas. The use of English in China was accelerated by the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 Shanghai Expo. However, there were various problems with the use of English, notably in bilingual public signs (BISU-CSRC, 2007; Wang & Zhang, 2016) (see Figure 1). As a result, the derogatory word ‘Chinglish’ was invented by Pinkham (2000) as an umbrella term for all kinds of problematic English used by Chinese people. Since 2006, in response to this situation, the provincial and central governments in the country have made great efforts to offer guidelines for the use of English in public signs. For example, on June 20, 2017, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the State Language Commission (SLC) and the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) jointly issued the Guidelines for the Use of English in Public Service Areas (GUEPSA) which came into effect on December 1, 2017.

scholarly journals A Proposed Business Model for Customized Shared Farms in the Chinese Market Based on a National Undergraduate: Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Guo Guihang ◽  
Wang Jingyuan ◽  
Xie Weizhen ◽  
Deng Zhishan ◽  
Chen Zihuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Customized Products ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Innovation And Entrepreneurship

With the deepening of reform and opening-up, the economy of China has developed rapidly. In recent years, shared farms have been one of the popular forms for the Chinese government to help the rural areas to shake off poverty. However, despite of many achievements, the business model of traditional shared farms cannot satisfy the growing market demands. Based on the research conducted under a national undergraduate innovation and entrepreneurship program, this paper starts with an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of traditional shared farms and then proposes a business model that provides customized products and services. The feasibility of the proposed business model is discussed by using the IDIC model and some suggestions are put forth for the optimization of the business model for customized shared farms.

Marital Stability Among Jewish and Mixed Couples Following Immigration to Israel From the Former Soviet Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Lavee ◽  
Ludmila Krivosh
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Marital Instability ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
Marital Outcomes ◽  
Jewish Immigrants

This research aims to identify factors associated with marital instability among Jewish and mixed (Jewish and non-Jewish) couples following immigration from the former Soviet Union. Based on the Strangeness Theory and the Model of Acculturation, we predicted that non-Jewish immigrants would be less well adjusted personally and socially to Israeli society than Jewish immigrants and that endogamous Jewish couples would have better interpersonal congruence than mixed couples in terms of personal and social adjustment. The sample included 92 Jewish couples and 92 ethnically-mixed couples, of which 82 couples (40 Jewish, 42 mixed) divorced or separated after immigration and 102 couples (52 Jewish, 50 ethnically mixed) remained married. Significant differences were found between Jewish and non-Jewish immigrants in personal adjustment, and between endogamous and ethnically-mixed couples in the congruence between spouses in their personal and social adjustment. Marital instability was best explained by interpersonal disparity in cultural identity and in adjustment to life in Israel. The findings expand the knowledge on marital outcomes of immigration, in general, and immigration of mixed marriages, in particular.

The Contribution of Pavlov's Typology of CNS Properties to Personality Research

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Strelau
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
The West ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Strength Of Excitation ◽  
Point Of Departure

This paper presents Pavlov's contribution to the development of biological-oriented personality theories. Taking a short description of Pavlov's typology of central nervous system (CNS) properties as a point of departure, it shows how, and to what extent, this typology influenced further research in the former Soviet Union as well as in the West. Of special significance for the development of biologically oriented personality dimensions was the conditioned reflex paradigm introduced by Pavlov for studying individual differences in dogs. This paradigm was used by Russian psychologists in research on types of nervous systems conducted in different animal species as well as for assessing temperament in children and adults. Also, personality psychologists in the West, such as Eysenck, Spence, and Gray, incorporated the CR paradigm into their theories. Among the basic properties of excitation and inhibition on which Pavlov's typology was based, strength of excitation and the basic indicator of this property, protective inhibition, gained the highest popularity in arousaloriented personality theories. Many studies have been conducted in which the Pavlovian constructs of CNS properties have been related to different personality dimensions. In current research the behavioral expressions of the Pavlovian constructs of strength of excitation, strength of inhibition, and mobility of nervous processes as measured by the Pavlovian Temperament Survey (PTS) have been related to over a dozen of personality dimensions, mostly referring to temperament.

Transmigration und Kapitalismus

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (140) ◽  
pp. 407-422
Author(s):  
Julia Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Different Sources

Based on an ethnographical study the article presents the problems of Soviet migrants with capitalistic every day life. The reaction of the migrants and the role of their imagination of capitalism, which was formed by different sources in the former Soviet Union, is investigated.

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