Italy: anti-system opposition within the system

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvano Tosi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Political System ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Electoral Representation

There is no need, perhaps, to repeat that as in other European countries, and especially France, but not in Great Britain and the United States, the most characteristic feature of Italy’s contemporary political life is the fact that within its liberal-democratic political system the main opposition is carried on by a party or parties which deny in principle the structure and purposes of the liberal-democratic state, and the values of electoral representation and its institutions. The interchange between government and opposition in countries like Great Britain and the United States is centred around the agreement between the parties to play fair and to acknowledge the rules of the parliamentary process as the permanent basis of the country’s political life. But the communist parties, and in the countries where they still exist the fascist or neo-fascist parties, reject these principles and proclaim that when they come to power they will replace them by forms of ‘direct’ or ‘all people’s’ democracies. This ideological argument about the respective merits of the purely political or parliamentary and the social-economic centralized forms of democracy is at the core of the doctrinal discussion between the communists and the neo-fascist parties, and the other Italian parties.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-46
Author(s):  
Marc DiPaolo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
The United States ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Anxieties ◽  
Contemporary Context

Examines case studies of fictional heroes as analogues of real-life working-class figures to encourage greater empathy between members of different classes. Doing so will help scholar, undergraduate, and fan readers understand the very contemporary context of America through the lens of fictional characters who are understandably resonant with a broad swath of the public during this politically divided time. The essays in this anthology contemplate the social anxieties that attend class conflict in the United States and Great Britain, and consider how fictional comic book narratives depict these cultural anxieties.

Prologue

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Billy Coleman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Music ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Early American ◽  
The Social ◽  
American National Identity ◽  
European Standards

This prologue surveys the key political challenges, debates, and ideologies that animated American political life following the creation of the United States. It also gestures to the emerging political purposes of music within this context. It distinguishes Federalists from Republicans, explains their conflicting visions, and overviews the logic Federalists used to justify their desire for social control and their insistence on social order and hierarchy as preconditions for freedom and liberty. The prologue similarly outlines the social context of early American music, especially its connections to religion, morality, science, and European standards of excellence. Finally, it highlights music’s perceived capacity to help define the terms of a new, uniquely American national identity.

scholarly journals Why Contact Tracing Efforts Have Failed to Curb Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Transmission in Much of the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Clark ◽  
Elizabeth Y Chiao ◽  
E Susan Amirian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Public Health Community ◽  
Health Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Case Based

Abstract By late April 2020, public discourse in the United States had shifted toward the idea of using more targeted case-based mitigation tactics (eg, contact tracing) to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission while allowing for the safe “reopening” of society, in an effort to reduce the social, economic, and political ramifications associated with stricter approaches. Expanded tracing-testing efforts were touted as a key solution that would allow for a precision approach, thus preventing economies from having to shut down again. However, it is now clear that many regions of the United States were unable to mount robust enough testing-tracing programs to prevent major resurgences of disease. This viewpoint offers a discussion of why testing-tracing efforts failed to sufficiently mitigate COVID-19 across much of the nation, with the hope that such deliberation will help the US public health community better plan for the future.

scholarly journals Vocational education for Missouri

1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Franklin Melcher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

Text taken from the Introduction section of this thesis: The problem of vocational education is of sufficient importance to render unnecessary an explanation or apology for offering this dissertation on the subject. It is discussed in popular and educational magazines, and in educational, social, and industrial meetings. There is at present a general concensus of opinion that such education is needed, but no plan is generally accepted as to how this is to be secured. It is my purpose to deal with the administration of vocationai education as found in the United States, to investigate the social, economic, and industrial conditions of Missouri and to make a plan for industrial education in this state. The plan is to show the kinds of education and schools needed and the way in which these schools should be supported.

scholarly journals The System Works Fine: The Positive Relationship Between Emphasis on Individual Explanations for Inequality and External Political Efficacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Greenwood-Hau
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Political System ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
The Political ◽  
High Status ◽  
The Impact

This article addresses the largely overlooked question of whether explanations for inequality are related to appraisals of the political system. It posits a positive relationship between individual explanations for inequality and three indicators of appraisals of the political system: satisfaction with democracy, political trust, and external political efficacy. Individual explanations for inequality are a form of system justifying belief and constitute part of a wider ideological view of the status quo social order as just and defensible. This positive view of the functioning of society may flow over into appraisals of the political system, imply a positive disposition towards high-status groups including politicians, and remove the motivation to blame the political system for ongoing inequality (which is instead seen in a positive, meritocratic light). The relationships between explanations for inequality and appraisals of the political system are tested for the first time in the United States, using 2002 ANES data, and in Great Britain, using data from a survey fielded in 2014. The results in the United States show few consistent or significant relationships between explanations for inequality and any of the appraisals of the political system. However, the results in Great Britain show consistent, robust, and statistically significant positive relationships between individual explanations for inequality and external political efficacy. The inconsistency in these results may stem from the differing temporal and national contexts of the surveys. It is also likely that the ranking measures of explanations for inequality in the GB data distinguished respondents for whom individual explanations are particularly important, who have a less negative appraisal of external political efficacy. However, more work is required to investigate the effects of question format, the impact of national and temporal context, and the causal direction of the relationship between explanations for inequality and appraisals of the political system.

scholarly journals Law as a Language, Law as an Art: Reflections on James Boyd White's Keep Law Alive

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jefferson Powell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social World ◽  
Law And Literature ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Language Law ◽  
Traditional Understanding

Abstract Keep Law Alive, the latest book by law and literature scholar James Boyd White, is an important apologia for the traditional understanding and practice of law in the United States. Law, White argues, has served as a language in a sense closely parallel to what we mean by referring to English or Spanish as a language: law provides those fluent in it with the tools to describe the social world and to imagine its transformation, but without scripting what the speaker must say. White also envisions law as an art that evokes imagination, emotion and personal judgment, as well as the mind, and that is fundamentally oriented toward the realization of justice. Intellectual, social and political changes, however, threaten to displace law as a language and art with a view of law as an essentially empty rhetoric that cloaks the use of abstract and impersonal reasoning often borrowed from other disciplines. The survival of law depends on the willingness of those who speak it to continue its practice as an art that serves a humane vision of political life.

scholarly journals Transportation Costs and the Social Savings of Railroads in Latin America. The Case of Peru

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Felipe Zegarra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis article estimates the social savings of the railroads in Peru in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The construction of railroads made it possible for Peruvians to substitute the traditional system of mules and llamas, although only for a few routes. Using primary and secondary sources, I estimate the social savings for 1890, 1904, 1914 and 1918. Social savings ranged between 0.3 per cent and 1.3 per cent of GDP in 1890, but then increased to a range between 3.6 per cent and 9.4 per cent of GDP in 1918. The social savings of railroads in Peru were comparable to those for the United States and Great Britain but were much lower than those for Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, largely because Peru had very few railroads.

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