Context dependency of nectar reward-guided oviposition

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Kessler
Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Deng ◽  
Marco Tulio Angulo ◽  
Serguei Saavedra

AbstractMicrobes form multispecies communities that play essential roles in our environment and health. Not surprisingly, there is an increasing need for understanding if certain invader species will modify a given microbial community, producing either a desired or undesired change in the observed collection of resident species. However, the complex interactions that species can establish between each other and the diverse external factors underlying their dynamics have made constructing such understanding context-specific. Here we integrate tractable theoretical systems with tractable experimental systems to find general conditions under which non-resident species can change the collection of resident communities—game-changing species. We show that non-resident colonizers are more likely to be game-changers than transients, whereas game-changers are more likely to suppress than to promote resident species. Importantly, we find general heuristic rules for game-changers under controlled environments by integrating mutual invasibility theory with in vitro experimental systems, and general heuristic rules under changing environments by integrating structuralist theory with in vivo experimental systems. Despite the strong context-dependency of microbial communities, our work shows that under an appropriate integration of tractable theoretical and experimental systems, it is possible to unveil regularities that can then be potentially extended to understand the behavior of complex natural communities.


Literator ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-108
Author(s):  
E. Kruger

Parody as hybridic text: research report Parody can be seen as one of the techniques of selfreferentiality through which a consciousness of the context dependency of meaning is revealed in an aesthetic way. This article explores the theoretical background of parody as literary style against which the researcher challenged a group of teacher education students in a research programme to generate their own parodies. The task required that they choose a well-known fairy tale and use its structure to mock their own society. Students of another group were asked as the writers’ peers to read the stories in order to engage in a dialogue between encoder and decoder in the process of reception. The educational aim of the programme was to equip students to reflect critically and react creatively to social, political and economic issues that surround them. Furthermore, the researcher wanted to discover how these texts would generate a flexibility, fluency and hybridity in relationship with the students’ cultural identity and how they would project their own liminality in a no-man’s land between youth and adulthood. Analysis and interpretation of the parody texts revealed themes of late capitalism, materialism and consumerism, as well as typical student cultural manifestations of language usage and some of their existing attitudes toward the South African political society in post-apartheid. The students’ parodies have intertextual density with imitation and subversion of the original text contexts and values. The writers used a variety of stylistic techniques to generate double-voiced narratives as manifestation of literary creativity.


Analysis ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
J. Hawthorne

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Hiller ◽  
Melanie C. Steffens ◽  
Viktoria Ritter ◽  
Ulrich Stangier

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-272
Author(s):  
Margrit Seckelmann

Die Übersetzung von Recht in (Computer–)‌Code ist derzeit in aller Munde. Lawrence Lessigs berühmtes Diktum, „Code is Law“ wird neuerdings dahingehend reformuliert, dass „Law“ auch „Code“ sei, dass man bei der Rechtsetzung also zugleich seine rechentechnische Umsetzbarkeit mitzudenken habe. Einen Ansatzpunkt für eine derartige „Algorithmisierbarkeit“ von Recht bietet § 35a des Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetzes des Bundes, wonach „automatisierte“ Entscheidungen in bestimmten Fällen zugelassen werden. Ein aktuelles Papier des Fraunhofer FOKUS-Instituts unter dem Titel „Recht Digital“ denkt dieses weiter und suggeriert, man müsse nur die passenden, eindeutigen Ausdrücke finden, dann sei Recht gleichsam „programmierbar“. Aber genau hier stellt sich das Problem: Rechtssprache ist eine Multi-Adressaten-Sprache, also eine Sprache, die sich ebenso sehr an ein Fachpublikum wie an Laien (Bürgerinnen und Bürger) wendet. Sie ist zudem kontextabhängig. Der aktuelle Hype um den Begriff der „Algorithmisierung“ von Gesetzen verbirgt zudem, dass es sich hierbei um ein Grundproblem von Rechtssprache handelt, das in den 1960er bis 1980er Jahren unter den Paradigmata „Rechts-/Verwaltungsautomation“ oder Rechtskybernetik verhandelt wurde. Wie kann man sich also dem Problem der Kontextabhängigkeit von Recht unter dem neuen Paradigma der Algorithmisierung nähern? Im Beitrag über „Algorithmenkompatibles Verwaltungsrecht? Juristische und sprachwissenschaftliche Überlegungen zu einer ‚Standardisierung von Rechtsbegriffen‘“ werden verschiedene Zugänge zur Schaffung einer „algorithmenkonformen“ Rechtssprache vorgestellt. Letztlich aber vermögen es noch so ausgefeilte technische Methoden nicht, das Problem demokratischer Deliberation zu verdrängen – über die fundamentalen Fragen einer Algorithmisierung der Rechtssprache muss der unmittelbar demokratisch legitimierte Gesetzgeber entscheiden. „Kontext“ und „Text“ geraten insoweit in ein wechselseitiges Abhängigkeitsverhältnis. The translation of law into (computer) code seems to be currently on everyone’s lips. Lawrence Lessigs’ famous dictum “Code is Law” has recently been rephrased saying that “Law” was also “Code”. This means that the wording of laws should directly take their “computer implementability” into consideration. A starting point for those postulations can be seen in the (relatively) new section 35a of the (Federal) Administrative Prodecure Act (Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz), which allows “automatic” decisions in specific cases. A new paper of the Fraunhofer FOKUS institute takes this up and suggests that we have only to look for the appropriate, unambiguous term that corresponds with an unequivocal legal meaning. In doing so, law could be programmable. But this is exactly the point where the problem arises: laws have more than one addressee; they address lawyers as well as citizens (mostly laypeople). Furthermore, legal terminology is context dependent. The current hype regarding the “algorithmization” of legal terminology also hides the fact that this issue was – more or less – discussed once before under the paradigm “legal cybernetics” between 1960 and 1985. So how can we approach the problem of context-dependency of law under the new paradigm of algorithmization? In our contribution on “Algorithm-compatible administrative law? Legal and linguistic considerations concerning the ‘standardization’ of legal terminology”, we will introduce different approaches to safeguard the compatibility of law with computer technics. But how sophisticated a technical method can be: It is the democratically legitimised parliament that must make the fundamental decisions when it comes to an “algorithmization” of legal terminology, because there is no text without context.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Joonkoo Park ◽  
Sonia Godbole ◽  
Marty G. Woldorff ◽  
Elizabeth M. Brannon

Abstract Whether and how the brain encodes discrete numerical magnitude differently from continuous nonnumerical magnitude is hotly debated. In a previous set of studies, we orthogonally varied numerical (numerosity) and nonnumerical (size and spacing) dimensions of dot arrays and demonstrated a strong modulation of early visual evoked potentials (VEPs) by numerosity and not by nonnumerical dimensions. Although very little is known about the brain's response to systematic changes in continuous dimensions of a dot array, some authors intuit that the visual processing stream must be more sensitive to continuous magnitude information than to numerosity. To address this possibility, we measured VEPs of participants viewing dot arrays that changed exclusively in one nonnumerical magnitude dimension at a time (size or spacing) while holding numerosity constant and compared this to a condition where numerosity was changed while holding size and spacing constant. We found reliable but small neural sensitivity to exclusive changes in size and spacing; however, changing numerosity elicited a much more robust modulation of the VEPs. Together with previous work, these findings suggest that sensitivity to magnitude dimensions in early visual cortex is context dependent: The brain is moderately sensitive to changes in size and spacing when numerosity is held constant, but sensitivity to these continuous variables diminishes to a negligible level when numerosity is allowed to vary at the same time. Neurophysiological explanations for the encoding and context dependency of numerical and nonnumerical magnitudes are proposed within the framework of neuronal normalization.


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