Effect of toothbrush wear on plaque control

Over the past several decades, studies have demonstrated the existence of bi-directional relationships between periodontal disease and systemic conditions. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial and multifactorial disease involving both host and environmental factors. Tissue destruction is primarily associated with hyperresponsiveness of the host resulting in release of inflammatory mediators. Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a major role in bacterial stimulation and tissue destruction. In addition, these cytokines are thought to underlie the associations between periodontitis and systemic conditions. Current research suggests that increased release of cytokines from host cells, referred to as the cytokine storm, is associated with disease progression in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An intersection between periodontitis and pulmonary disease is biologically plausible. Hence, we reviewed the evidence linking COVID-19, cytokines, and periodontal disease. Plaque control is essential to prevent exchange of bacteria between the mouth and the lungs, reducing the risk of lung disease. Understanding these associations may help identify individuals at high risk and deliver appropriate care at early stages.

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The Effects of Toothbrush Wear on the Surface Roughness and Gloss of Resin Composites with Various Types of Matrices

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj9010008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Murtadha AlAli ◽

Nikolaos Silikas ◽

Julian Satterthwaite

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Pairwise Comparisons ◽

Resin Composites ◽

Hybrid Resin ◽

Before And After ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Main Effects ◽

Toothbrush Wear

Objective: To evaluate and compare the surface roughness and gloss of a DMA-free composite and Bis-GMA-free composite with a DMA-based composite before and after toothbrushing simulation. Materials and Methods: Fifteen dimensionally standardised composite specimens of three nano-hybrid resin composites (Tetric EvoCeram, Admira Fusion, and Venus Diamond) were used. Five specimens from each composite were polished and then subjected to a toothbrushing simulator. Surface roughness (Ra) and gloss were measured before toothbrushing and after 5000, 10,000, 15,000, and 20,000 toothbrushing cycles. The data was analysed using 5 × 3 ANOVA to assess surface roughness and gloss values and pairwise comparisons in the form of Tukey post hoc tests were performed to interpret main effects. Results: For all tested materials, surface roughness increased, and gloss decreased after toothbrushing abrasion. Surface roughness (Ra) values ranged from 0.14 to 0.22 μm at baseline and increased to between 0.41 and 0.49 μm after 20,000 toothbrushing cycles. Gloss values ranged between 31.9 and 50.6 GU at baseline and between 5.1 and 19.5 GU after 20,000 toothbrushing cycles. The lowest initial Ra value was detected in Venus Diamond and the highest initial gloss value was detected in Tetric EvoCeram. Conclusions: Simulated toothbrushing abrasion led to an increase in surface roughness and a decrease in gloss for all tested materials. Venus Diamond had the smoothest surface and Tetric EvoCeram had the glossiest surface after polishing and following 20,000 cycles of toothbrushing abrasion. Admira Fusion demonstrated the roughest surface and had the lowest gloss values before and after toothbrushing abrasion.

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Oscillating-rotating (O-R) electric toothbrushes may have a better effect on gingivitis and plaque control than sonic and manual toothbrushes in adults

Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice ◽

10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101575 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101575

Author(s):

Yue Ying ◽

Belinda Nicolau

Keyword(s):

Plaque Control

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Periodontics in General Practice: Professional Plaque Control

The Journal of the American Dental Association ◽

10.14219/jada.archive.1990.0218 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 121 (5) ◽

pp. 642-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Henry Greenwell ◽

Nabil F. Bissada ◽

John W. Wittwer

Keyword(s):

General Practice ◽

Plaque Control

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The Measurement of Toothbrush Wear

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345890680121201 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 68 (12) ◽

pp. 1781-1785 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

H.R. Rawls ◽

N.J. Mkwayi-Tulloch ◽

R. Casella ◽

R. Cosgrove

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Quantitative Measure ◽

Average Increase ◽

Design Features ◽

Individual User ◽

Design Time ◽

Different Dimensions ◽

The Individual ◽

Toothbrush Wear ◽

Wear Index

Toothbrushes wear out and progressively lose their ability to clean as the bristles abrade and become curled and matted. To study the factors that influence this process, we developed a quantitative measure of bristle splaying (wear index) and a method for judging and ranking the overall state of brush deterioration (wear rating) and used these to determine the effects of the individual user, brush design, time in use, and bristle material. Wear index is the average increase in brush-head dimensions normalized for maximum bristle length, and is dimensionless. Wear rating is a subjective means of classifying the increasing severity of deterioration on a scale of 0 to 3. The wear characteristics of a variety of commercial and experimental brushes with different design features were determined. Test variables were time in use, brush design (e.g., geometry and size of the brush head), and bristle composition. Time of use, the individual user, and bristle composition were found to have the strongest influences on splaying, and brush design was found to have the least influence. The wear index offers a quantitative means of comparing brushes of different dimensions at various stages of splaying. The wear rating, although qualitative, is a quick means of ranking brushes in various stages of deterioration. The two methods correlate (R2 = 0.87), and both are sensitive to several factors that affect brush durability. Therefore, these methods appear to be suitable not only for research, but also for quality control, the setting of standards, and for substantiation of advertising claims.

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