Evaluating the Risk Factors of Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review Study

: Diabetes is a chronic, underlying, and common disease worldwide that imposes an enormous burden on the health system. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication in the eye caused by diabetes and may lead to visual impairment and blindness. The knowledge about the risk factors of DR is critical for the prevention of disease and developing treatment options. Moreover, DR is a multifactorial disease, and many studies have demonstrated various risk factors associated with it, such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc. In this review study, we survey the main risk factors of the development and progression of DR.

Alzheimer: A Complex Genetic Background

Alzheimer is a complex, multifactorial disease with an ever increasing impact in modern medicine. Research in this area has revealed a lot about the biological and environmental underpinnings of this disease, especially its correlation with Β-Amyloid and Tau related mechanics; however, the precise biological pathways behind the disease are yet to be discovered. Recent studies evidenced how several mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy failure and energy production impairments in the brain, −--- have been proposed to contribute to this pathology. In this section we will focus on the role of these molecular pathways and their potential link with Alzheimer Disease.

Update and New Insights on Future Cancer Drug Candidates From Plant-Based Alkaloids

Cancer is a complex multifactorial disease that results from alterations in many physiological and biochemical functions. Over the last few decades, it has become clear that cancer cells can acquire multidrug resistance to conventional anticancer drugs, resulting in tumor relapse. Thus, there is a continuous need to discover new and effective anticancer drugs. Natural products from plants have served as a primary source of cancer drugs and continue to provide new plant-derived anticancer drugs. The present review describes plant-based alkaloids, which have been reported as active or potentially active in cancer treatment within the past 4 years (2017–2020), both in preclinical research and/or in clinical trials. In addition, recent insights into the possible molecular mechanism of action of alkaloid prodrugs naturally present in plants are also highlighted.

New treatment options of chronic urticaria

Chronic urticaria is a multifactorial disease with increasing prevalence, that significantly deteriorates the quality of life of patients. Authors describe the pathomechanism of the disease, and they present the currently available treatment options and the promising future therapies as well. The therapeutic basis of chronic urticaria is the modern, 2nd generation antihistamines in a dosage of even four times higher than the regular one. In therapy resistant cases omalizumab or cyclosporin is advised. There is a growing demand for new medications because the number of those patients , who are non-responders or do not respond adequately to these therapies, is definitely increasing.

Sirtuin 1 Mediates Protection Against Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Response to Hypoxic Postconditioning

Background Many therapies designed to prevent delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and improve neurological outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have failed, likely because of targeting only one element of what has proven to be a multifactorial disease. We previously demonstrated that initiating hypoxic conditioning before SAH (hypoxic preconditioning) provides powerful protection against DCI. Here, we expanded upon these findings to determine whether hypoxic conditioning delivered at clinically relevant time points after SAH (hypoxic postconditioning) provides similarly robust DCI protection. Methods and Results In this study, we found that hypoxic postconditioning (8% O 2 for 2 hours) initiated 3 hours after SAH provides strong protection against cerebral vasospasm, microvessel thrombi, and neurological deficits. By pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) using EX527 and global Sirt1 −/− mice, respectively, we demonstrated that this multifaceted DCI protection is SIRT1 mediated. Moreover, genetic overexpression of SIRT1 using Sirt1‐Tg mice, mimicked the DCI protection afforded by hypoxic postconditioning. Finally, we found that post‐SAH administration of resveratrol attenuated cerebral vasospasm, microvessel thrombi, and neurological deficits, and did so in a SIRT1‐dependent fashion. Conclusions The present study indicates that hypoxic postconditioning provides powerful DCI protection when initiated at clinically relevant time points, and that pharmacologic augmentation of SIRT1 activity after SAH can mimic this beneficial effect. We conclude that conditioning‐based therapies administered after SAH hold translational promise for patients with SAH and warrant further investigation.

Litholytic Activities of Natural Bioactive Compounds and Their Mechanism Insights

Urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the formation of stones, which are crystalline accretions that form in the urinary tract from minerals dissolved in the urine. Moreover, it is considered to be a complex and multifactorial disease, requiring treatment. Unfortunately, current treatments are insufficient or may induce several side effects. In fact, medicinal plants are among the anti-litholytic treatments that are strongly recommended by many studies. Indeed, these natural resources contain bioactive molecules of different natures, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids, which have recently demonstrated very important anti-litholytic effects. The molecular mechanisms involved are multiple and variable, and can reach cellular and molecular levels. In this review, we have discussed in depth the work that has studied the bioactive molecules of medicinal plants and their major potential against urolithiasis. Scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, were searched from their inception until April 2021.The cellular and molecular mechanisms are presented and discussed. Some mechanisms of action related to these bioactive compounds are highlighted. This review could provide a scientific starting point for further studies on urolithiasis and natural bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids.

Enamel remineralisation-inducing materials for caries prevention

Background: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease indicated by the progressive demineralisation process of dental tissue. It is caused by an imbalance between the remineralisation and demineralisation processes. The focus of caries management is on prevention. Providing materials that can induce remineralisation is one management of caries prevention. Various materials have been or are being researched, such as casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP), tricalcium phosphate (fTCP), bioactive glass (BAG), and nanotechnologies such as nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) and silver nano fluorine (NSF). Purpose: This study aims to review the development of enamel remineralisation inducing materials as a newer approach in caries prevention. Review: Various ingredients have been shown to increase enamel remineralisation through different mechanisms in preventing the development of carious lesions. Conclusion: CPP–ACP, fTCP, BAG, n-HAP, and NSF can induce enamel remineralisation as caries prevention agents. n-HAP and NSF are the most effective agents to enhance enamel remineralisation to prevent caries.

Dental Caries and Fluoretation of Public Supply Waters: The Reality of Northern Brazil

The aim of this study is to carry out a literature review covering conceptual and epidemiological aspects associated with dental caries disease in Northern Brazil. A survey of specialized literature was carried out in the SciELO, PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar databases, using the following descriptors: fluoride, fluoridation, dental caries, and epidemiology. Dental caries is a chronic and multifactorial disease, influenced by the human diet and by social, economic, cultural, and behavioral determinants. There is a disparity in oral health when comparing the poorest regions of Brazil, with a lack of fluoridation of water for human consumption.

Implant Periapical Lesion: A Narrative Review

Implant periapical lesion (IPL) is an infectious-inflammatory alteration surrounding an implant apex. It is a multifactorial disease that may ultimately cause implant failure. The diagnosis of IPL is based on examination of clinical manifestations and apical radiolucency. Many etiologies have been attributed to IPL, including preexisting microbial pathology and surgical trauma. Moreover, many systems have been used to classify IPL based on different parameters. To date, non-surgical and surgical treatment, as well as removal of failed implants, have been considered to successfully manage IPL. However, prevention of IPL surpasses all modes of treatment. An increased number of IPL cases are expected as implants have become standard for tooth replacement in dentate arches. Therefore, it is necessary to understand IPL more comprehensively. Herein, an introduction to IPL, including its etiology, diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prevention, has been undertaken.