The Beginning of “Free Money” Ideology in American Universities: Charles W. Eliot at Harvard, 1869–1909

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Kimball ◽  
Benjamin Ashby Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
General Education ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carnegie Foundation ◽  
Rockefeller Institute ◽  
American Universities ◽  
Carnegie Corporation ◽  
Carnegie Institution Of Washington

During the period between 1870 and 1920, the gross national product of the United States increased more than sixfold, as revolutions in transportation, communications, and manufacturing sparked growth in the economy. Large industrial corporations emerged, and their growing power presented grave challenges for social policy, while their wealth enriched an unprecedented number of millionaires and multi-millionaires, whose contributions prompted an enormous increase in philanthropy across the nation. In particular, Andrew Carnegie sold his steel companies for $480,000,000 in 1901 and founded the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1902, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1905, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1911. Even more prominent, oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, “the most famous American of his day,” devoted $447,000,000 to endowing the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research in 1901, the General Education Board in 1903, the Rockefeller Foundation in 1913, and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1918.

African Studies Association of the United States

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-292
Author(s):  
Margaret L. Bates
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Carnegie Corporation ◽  
Fellowship Programme ◽  
Training Fellowship ◽  
Lincoln University

This Association was founded in 1958 as a meeting point for all American scholars seriously interested in African affairs, and it is now one of the most active organisations in the field. African study in the United States started much earlier, with the pioneering field work of Melville Herskovits, the interest of Lincoln University in the education of young Africans, and the first steps by W. E. B. Du Bois to create a Pan-African movement. During World War II, there were attempts to organise an international conference on Africa. Most academic interest, however, dates from the late 1940's, when the Carnegie Corporation of New York extended its programme of grants to universities for area studies to include the African field, gave funds for fellowships and sent groups of mature scholars to Africa for ‘look-see’ tours. In the 1950's, the Ford Foundation made major grants to Northwestern, Boston, and Howard Universities, and established a field training fellowship programme under which a majority of the younger Africanists now active in the United States have been trained. Other university programmes have followed; there are now more than 20.

scholarly journals ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 993-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi ◽  
Raymond C. Shannon ◽  
Evelyn B. Tilden ◽  
Joseph R. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Human Strain ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Bartonella Bacilliformis ◽  
Rockefeller Institute ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Horse Flies

With a view to determining the mode of infection in Carrion's disease, a study of the blood-sucking insects found in the districts of Peru where the disease prevails has been carried out, through the cooperation of The Rockefeller Institute and the Rockefeller Foundation. The material studied included ticks, mites, midges, lice, fleas, bedbugs, mosquitoes, buffalo gnats, horse-flies, "sheep ticks," 3 species of Streblidae, and 3 species of Phlebotomus, including Phlebotomus verrucarum Townsend and two new species which have been named Phlebotomus noguchii and Phlebotomus peruensis. The insects were collected without the use of chemicals, were prepared for transportation in such a manner as to prevent drying, and were shipped under conditions of refrigeration to New York, where they were inoculated into monkeys. The plan followed was to inject saline suspensions of the crushed insects intradermally into rhesus monkeys and to make cultures of the blood of the animals at intervals of 1 to 6 weeks after inoculation. The only class of insects in which the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis could be detected were phlebotomi. No cutaneous lesions were induced in monkeys injected with the crushed insects, but in the case of four different lots of phlebotomi the blood of the animals so injected yielded cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis which produced typical verrucous lesions on inoculation into other monkeys. The morphology and cultural characteristics of the Bartonella strains obtained from phlebotomi proved identical with those of strains isolated from human blood and skin lesions. Monkeys which had recovered from infection with the phlebotomus strains resisted inoculation with a human strain of Bartonella bacilliformis, and, conversely, monkeys which had passed through an infection induced by the human strain resisted inoculation with the strains obtained from phlebotomi. The experimental observations described in this paper lead us to conclude that certain phlebotomi act as insect vectors of Oroya fever and verruga peruana. The phlebotomi which have been shown quite certainly to carry the Bartonella bacilliformis are those of the species Phlebotomus noguchii. Phlebotomus verrucarum is also probably a vector, while Phlebotomus peruensis remains doubtful in this respect.

MEDICAL FILMS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-513
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
United States Public Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Referring Physicians ◽  
Everyday Problems

Radiation: Physician and Patient: 16 mm., color, sound, showing time 45 minutes. Presented by the American College of Radiology in cooperation with the United States Public Health Service. Supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. Produced in 1959 by Medical Radio and Television Institute Productions, New York. Procurable on loan from Motion Picture Library, American Medical Association, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago 10. This film brings together some of the nation's foremost authorities in radiation cell damage, genetics, carcinogenesis, and physics, with some well-known physicans shown in the process of referring their parents for x-ray examinations and consulting with the radiologist in a highly effective manner. The excellent photography of these authorities in their offices and laboratory environments is priceless as a record; however, at times there is too much emphasis on the individual person, which distracts from the information being conveyed. The concern and attitude of several referring physicians toward their patients present, answer and clarify the major radiation questions of the day. Since the patients are chosen from such critical areas as pediatrics, orthopedics, and obstetrics, everyday problems are faced and analyzed. The presentation has a relaxed air which makes the patient consultations seem natural, and there is little hysteria. Anyone who uses fluoroscopy alld who sees nothing wrong with the opening sequences should be compelled to see the whole film. The closing sequences will deliver a message to such a viewer which will either impress him enough to change his ways or encourage him to give up fluoroscopy. This is an important film for the nations' practicing physicians, medical teachers, and medical radiation research workers.

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