The Status of Whole Language, Phonemic Awareness, and the Value of Implicit Instruction: Comments on Shen

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-311
Author(s):  
Stephen Krashen
Keyword(s):  
Phonemic Awareness ◽  
Whole Language ◽  
Implicit Instruction ◽  
The Status

scholarly journals EFL Reading in Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 493
Author(s):  
Marcel Van Amelsvoort
Keyword(s):  
Phonemic Awareness ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Whole Language ◽  
Comprehension Strategies ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Reading Pedagogy ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Whole Word

EFL reading pedagogy in Japan and elsewhere has been greatly influenced by popular approaches in English-speaking countries. Such approaches have tended to include whole language and whole word teaching, which have been shown repeatedly in recent decades to be ineffective for many students. Partly because of the influence of these approaches on L2 teaching in Japan, there continues to be an overreliance on visual memory, an underappreciation of the role of sound in reading (phonemic awareness, phonology, and memory encoding), a lack of focus on decoding and fluency development, a shortage of attention to certain features of vocabulary (morphology in particular), and insufficient teaching of comprehension strategies rather than just testing for it. This article gives a brief overview of the history of reading pedagogy, looks at some of the shortcomings of commonly used teaching approaches, and provides some suggestions for helping to compensate for these shortcomings. 日本において外国語としての英語読解指導は、歴史的に英語母語の諸国、特にアメリカの指導法に大きく影響されている。このように英語母語に由来する指導法は、ホール・ランゲージ／ホール・ワード・アプローチによる言語指導、語彙指導にも至り、今でも広く使用されているが、ここ数十年では、相当な数の学生に効果がないという研究結果が証明されている。これらの潮流の中で、日本での外国語指導は、視覚的記憶に過度に依存し続け、読解時の音の役割（音素声学上の認識、音韻体系、記憶の符号化）を正当に評価せず、流暢さの発達不足や語彙の（特に形態）特徴への注意欠如を招き、単なるテストより、内容把握のための指導法に十分な手立てがなされていない。本稿では、読解指導の歴史的経緯を概観し、一般に使用されながらも効果的でない手法を指摘する。その上で、その手法を修正し、足りない面を補う方法を提案する。

Vocabulary and Grammar: Critical Content for Critical Thinking

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Clay Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Language Arts ◽  
Direct Instruction ◽  
Whole Language ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Teaching Skills ◽  
Language Philosophy ◽  
Critical Content ◽  
Arts Programs ◽  
The Status

The status of direct instruction in grammar and vocabulary has fallen into decline during an era of whole-language philosophy that rejects teaching “skills in isolation.” Grammar has been misunderstood and stereotyped as tedious, remedial, unteachable, and useless. These areas of knowledge must be restored to their necessary place in language arts programs for gifted children, who need educated vocabularies and grammar competence of exceptional quality.

The study of interfacial reactions of nickel thin films on GaAs

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
L.J. Chen ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Nickel Thin Films ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
The Status ◽  
Si Doped ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.

Fate of sperm membrane in fertilized ova

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 40-41
Author(s):  
Frank J. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sperm Membrane ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Measurement of the egg's electrical activity, the fertilization potential or the activation current (in voltage clamped eggs), provides a means of detecting the earliest perceivable response of the egg to the fertilizing sperm. By using the electrical physiological record as a “real time” indicator of the instant of electrical continuity between the gametes, eggs can be inseminated with sperm at lower, more physiological densities, thereby assuring that only one sperm interacts with the egg. Integrating techniques of intracellular electrophysiological recording, video-imaging, and electron microscopy, we are able to identify the fertilizing sperm precisely and correlate the status of gamete organelles with the first indication (fertilization potential/activation current) of the egg's response to the attached sperm. Hence, this integrated system provides improved temporal and spatial resolution of morphological changes at the site of gamete interaction, under a variety of experimental conditions. Using these integrated techniques, we have investigated when sperm-egg plasma membrane fusion occurs in sea urchins with respect to the onset of the egg's change in electrical activity.

Revisiting the status of dental ethics instruction

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 772-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Odom ◽  
PL Beemsterboer ◽  
TD Pate ◽  
NK Haden
Keyword(s):  
Ethics Instruction ◽  
The Status
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