CO2 exchange (CER) and transpiration (TR) rates of flag leaves, penultimate leaves, and the ear of two winter wheat cultivars (cv. Fredrick and cv. Bezostaya-1), were measured at intervals during the life of the flag leaf. These were grown at two levels of nitrogen (N), 105 and 210 mg L−1, supplied from the double ridge stage of apical development. Nitrogen concentrations and dry weights of the flag and penultimate leaves, and of various other plant parts, were also measured.CER of main culm flag leaves of both cultivars declined more slowly from ear emergence to approximately 2.5 weeks postanthesis than either before or after this period. Similarly, the CER pattern of main culm penultimate leaves of Fredrick showed a plateau during this same period. By contrast, CER of the penultimate leaves of Bezostaya declined more uniformly overtime. CER of illuminated ears declined steadily from anthesis, whereas CER in the dark decreased to a maximum negative value approximately 2 weeks postanthesis. Nitrogen treatment had little effect on these CER patterns, with the exception of Bezostaya penultimate leaves, in which the rate of decline was slower for the higher N treatment.Nitrogen concentrations of the flag and penultimate leaves, and in the nongrain ear component, decreased steadily during the grain-filling period for both cultivars and N treatments. Leaf N concentration also decreased during the preanthesis period in Fredrick at both N treatments, and in Bezostaya at the lower N treatment. The time – course of N concentration in the leaves was not closely mirrored by CER, indicating that factors other than the N concentration of the leaves were important in determining the pattern of CER.TR of the flag and penultimate leaves declined from full flag leaf expansion until anthesis and then rose during a 2- to 2.5-week-postanthesis period for both cultivars and N treatments, with the exception of Bezostaya at the lower N treatment. The increase in TR during the filling period suggests that the reduced rate of decline in CER at that time may have resulted, at least partly, because a reduction in gas phase resistance offset an increase in residual resistance.
Effect of two‐week heat stress during grain filling on stem reserves, senescence, and grain yield of European winter wheat cultivars
