Maladaptation and phenotypic mismatch in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar released in the wild

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1927-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stringwell ◽  
A. Lock ◽  
C. J. Stutchbury ◽  
E. Baggett ◽  
J. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild

Maintenance of asymmetric hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) via postzygotic barriers and paternal effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Álvarez ◽  
Eva Garcia-Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Postzygotic Barriers ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
In The Wild

At the southern European edge of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) distribution, all the hybrids found in nature are the product of crosses between female salmon and male brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). By artificially producing reciprocal crosses between salmon and trout, we demonstrate that unidirectional hybridization observed in nature is the result of postzygotic barriers that produce very high mortality rates (95%) in female trout × male salmon hybrids and not the consequence of prezygotic isolation or behavioural differences between the two species. Mortality of female trout × male salmon hybrids mainly occurs during the last phases of development, and a high percentage of these surviving hybrids showed external deformities that could compromise survival in the wild. Another important finding is the existence of paternal factor in embryo development. Using time to midhatch as an indicator of developmental rate, female salmon × male trout hybrids hatched faster than female trout × male salmon hybrids, with both developing at a rate intermediate to the pure crosses. The early emergence of female salmon × male trout hybrids, which have similar survival to pure salmons, could have fitness repercussions, since early emerging fry have a competitive advantage over later emerging fry.

Ontogeny of Feeding Behavior of First-Feeding Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1896-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Coughlin
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Swimming Motion ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Time To Learn

Feeding strikes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) alevins preying upon Daphnia are described using videorecording of synchronous lateral and antero-ventral views. Based on examination of characteristics such as aiming inaccuracy and capture distance, it is demonstrated that feeding behavior significantly improves during the first 2 wk after initiation of exogenous feeding. With increasing experience, young salmon tend to capture prey more quickly and with greater accuracy. First-feeding alevins use a body-ram feeding mode, relying on their swimming motion to overtake and capture prey. After 7–10 d of feeding, the fish change to a suction feeding mode that effectively uses suction generated by expansion of the orobranchial chamber to pull in prey from a distance. Also, feeding behavior of alevins raised on a commercial salmon feed lags developmentally behind the behavior offish raised on live food. This lag time is short (2–3 d), indicating that despite reports to the contrary, hatchery-raised fish do not require a Song time to learn to capture prey effectively in the wild.

Parentage and grandparentage assignment with known and unknown matings: application to Connecticut River Atlantic salmon restoration

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1812-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H Letcher ◽  
Tim L King
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Parentage Assignment ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Assignment Success

Large-scale use of parentage assignment of stocked Connecticut River, U.S.A., Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry to determine stocking tributary of emigrating smolts and returning adults requires both parentage assignment and grandparentage assignment. Using computer simulations, we explored the levels of genetic diversity necessary to provide adequate parentage and grandparentage assignment. When matings were known, as in a hatchery, 95% correct grandparentage assignment typically required at least twofold more alleles per locus than did 95% correct parentage assignment. Parentage assignment with unknown matings (as in the wild when parental genotypes can be assayed) required an intermediate number of alleles per locus and grandparentage assignment with unknown matings required the greatest genetic diversity. Computer simulations using empirical parental genotypes (14 loci) and known P1 matings indicated that the genetic diversity of Connecticut River Atlantic salmon broodstock is sufficient to assign all F1 and 97% of F2 offspring to the correct set of two parents or four grandparents, respectively. Grandparentage assignment with unknown P1 matings was ineffective (assignment success = 20%). These results indicate that the combination of parentage and grandparentage assignment can be used as a non-lethal, permanent, heritable "mark" to identify stocking tributary or other management directed characteristics of stocked fry.

Prevalence and recurrence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in eastern North American rivers

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2807-2826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R.J. Morris ◽  
Dylan J. Fraser ◽  
Anthony J. Heggelin ◽  
Frederick G. Whoriskey ◽  
Jonathan W. Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
North American ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Comprehensive Compilation

Knowledge of the prevalence of escaped farmed fishes in the wild is an essential first step to assessing the risk resulting from interactions between farmed and wild fishes. This is especially important in eastern North America, where Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) aquaculture occurs near wild Atlantic salmon rivers and where many wild salmon populations are severely depressed. Here, we review the literature on the incidence of escaped farmed salmon in eastern North American rivers, for which there has been no comprehensive compilation to date. Escaped farmed salmon have been found in 54 of 62 (87%) rivers investigated within a 300 km radius of the aquaculture industry since 1984, including 11 rivers that contain endangered salmon populations. Averaged among all investigations, the proportional representation of farmed salmon among adults entering the rivers from the sea was 9.2% (range 0% to 100%). Where data were sufficient to examine temporal trends, farmed salmon proportions varied considerably over time, suggesting that escape events are episodic in nature. We conclude that escaped farmed salmon are sufficiently prevalent in eastern North American rivers to pose a potentially serious risk to the persistence of wild salmon populations, especially in those rivers that are adjacent to existing aquaculture sites.

scholarly journals Do juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) use chemosensory cues to detect and avoid risky habitats in the wild?

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Woo Kim ◽  
James W.A. Grant ◽  
Grant E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Alarm Cue ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Experimental Treatments

We examined whether juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in the wild adjust their behaviour in response to chemical cues of predator activity during a 4-week period after emergence from gravel nests. In each of seven 75 m2 sites in Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick, Canada, we established three contiguous sections differing in perceived predator activity by releasing stream water in control sections, conspecific alarm cues in risky sections, and nothing in buffer sections in both 2006 and 2007. As predicted, the density of young-of-the-year (YOY) salmon tended to decrease in alarm cue sections, while it increased in control and buffer sections. After the 2-week manipulation in 2006, we switched treatments so that buffer sections became alarm cue sections and alarm cue sections became buffer sections for an additional 2-week period. After the switch, the number of YOY increased least in the new alarm cue sections and most in control and new buffer sections. In contrast with YOY, the density of age 1+ parr was not affected by the experimental treatments. Our results suggest that YOY salmon can use chemical alarm cues to assess the predator activity of habitats in the wild.

Effects of acidic pH on wild, farmed, and F1 hybrid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Lynn Lush ◽  
Isabel Costa ◽  
Kimberly Marshall ◽  
Juan Carlos Pérez-Casanova ◽  
Rénald Belley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Acidic Waters ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Farmed escapees have the potential to introduce novel genes to wild salmon and alter locally adapted populations. We tested whether the acidic conditions found in rivers on Newfoundland’s south coast might differentially impact offspring of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in comparison to wild populations. We performed crosses with wild and farmed parents to obtain wild (W♂ × W♀), farmed (F♂ × F♀), and F1 hybrid (W♂ × F♀, F♂ × W♀) parr and conducted a common garden experiment at neutral or acidic pH. No differences were observed between pure wild crosses and F1 hybrids, suggesting that acidic waters do not differentially affect survival, growth, condition factor, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity of F1 hybrids. Trends in mortality show that pure farmed parr had lower survival than pure wild and F1 hybrids in low pH. Considering that production of F1 hybrids rather than pure farmed offspring is the most likely outcome in the wild, pure farmed parr survival may have little bearing on the prediction of genetic risks of farmed–wild interactions. There is no evidence to indicate that the survival of the F1 generation in acidic waters acts as a potential barrier against introgression.

Temperature-related loss of smolt characteristics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the wild

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1649-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D McCormick ◽  
Richard A Cunjak ◽  
Brian Dempson ◽  
Michael F O'Dea ◽  
Judith B Carey
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Penobscot River ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Negative Impacts

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that had previously been released as fry in tributaries of the Connecticut River were captured from 1993 to 1997 during their normal spring smolt migration 198 km from the mouth of the river. Smolts had peak levels of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and salinity tolerance early in migration (early May), indicating physiological readiness to enter seawater. Significant decreases in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity (29-66%) and salinity tolerance were seen in smolts at the end of the migratory period (late May and early June). Reduced gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity occurred earlier in warm years and was directly related to the degree-days during migration (r2 = 0.75). Reduced gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity was found at the end of migration in warmer, southern rivers (Connecticut River and Penobscot River, Maine) but not in northern rivers (Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick, and Conne River, Newfoundland). Both hatchery- and stream-reared fish held in the laboratory exhibited a more rapid loss of physiological smolt characteristics when held at higher temperature. The results indicate that late migrants in southern rivers lose physiological smolt characteristics due to high temperatures during spring migration. Delays in migration, such as those that occur at dams, may have negative impacts on smolt survival in warmer rivers.

Silver spoons in the rough: can environmental enrichment improve survival of hatchery Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the wild?

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1972-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Roberts ◽  
J. Taylor ◽  
P. J. Gough ◽  
D. W. Forman ◽  
C. Garcia de Leaniz
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
In The Wild

One species with two biologies: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the wild and in aquaculture

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mart R Gross
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Biological Entity ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The Future ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Pacific Salmonids

Today, over 94% of all adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are in the aquaculture niche and wild numbers continue to decline while aquaculture numbers increase. The developmental and evolutionary forces in the aquaculture or "domestic" niche are so unlike those in the wild niche that two distinct biologies are being created from the original Atlantic salmon species. We may now need to recognize a new biological entity - Salmo domesticus - and treat it as an "exotic" when it escapes into the wild. Escapement therefore raises important concerns about ecological and genetic impacts, both within and outside the native range of Salmo salar. This paper explains why escaped domestic Atlantic salmon have had an impact on wild Atlantic salmon populations and now threaten Pacific salmonids as well. A polarization of views between aquaculturists and environmentalists will not resolve the problems. The three interest groups in fisheries - aquaculture, biodiversity, and capture - must begin to work together if we are to take up the challenge of preserving biodiversity and if aquaculturists, who hold the future of Atlantic salmon in their hands, can be expected to willingly prevent further impacts from their industry.

scholarly journals Heart rate and swimming activity as indicators of post-surgical recovery time of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Føre ◽  
Eirik Svendsen ◽  
Finn Økland ◽  
Albin Gräns ◽  
Jo Arve Alfredsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
In The Wild

Abstract Background: Fish telemetry using electronic transmitter or data storage tags has become a common method for studying free-swimming fish both in the wild and in aquaculture. However, fish used in aquatic telemetry studies must be handled, anaesthetised and often subjected to surgical procedures to be equipped with tags, processes that will shift the fish from their normal physiological and behavioural states. In many projects, information is needed on when the fish has recovered after handling and tagging so that only the data recorded after the fish has fully recovered are used in analyses. We aimed to establish recovery times of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after an intraperitoneal tagging procedure featuring handling, anaesthesia and surgery.Results: Based on ECG and accelerometer data collected with telemetry from nine individual Atlantic salmon during the first period after tagging, we found that heart rate was initially elevated in all fish, and that it took an average of 4 days for heart rate to return to an assumed baseline level. Although activity levels assessed from acceleration appeared to be less affected by the tagging procedure, baseline levels were on average reached after 3.4 days for this parameter.Conclusion: Our findings showed that the Atlantic salmon used in this study on average required 3-4 days of recovery after tagging before tag data could be considered valid. Moreover, the differences between recovery times for heart rate and activity imply that recovery time recommendations should be developed based on a combination of indicators and not just on e.g. behavioural observations.

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