scholarly journals Aerial and aquatic visual acuity of the grey bichir Polypterus senegalus , as estimated by optokinetic response

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Znotinas ◽  
Emily M. Standen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Polypterus Senegalus

scholarly journals Affordable and effective optokinetic response methods to assess visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in larval to juvenile zebrafish

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Alicia Gómez Sánchez ◽  
Yolanda Álvarez ◽  
Basilio Colligris ◽  
Breandán N. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Data Consistency ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Functional Vision

The optokinetic response (OKR) is an effective behavioural assay to investigate functional vision in zebrafish. The rapid and widespread use of gene editing, drug screening and environmental modulation technologies has resulted in a broader need for visual neuroscience researchers to access affordable and more sensitive OKR, contrast sensitivity (CS) and visual acuity (VA) assays. Here, we demonstrate how 2D- and 3D-printed, striped patterns or drums coupled with a motorised base and microscope provide a simple, cost-effective but efficient means to assay OKR, CS and VA in larval-juvenile zebrafish. In wild-type, five days post-fertilisation (dpf) zebrafish, the 2D or 3D set-ups of 0.02 cycles per degree (cpd) (standard OKR stimulus) and 100% black-white contrast evoked equivalent responses of 24.2±3.9 or 21.8±3.9 saccades per minute, respectively. Furthermore, although the OKR number was significantly reduced compared to the 0.02 cpd drum (p<0.0001), 0.06 and 0.2 cpd drums elicited equivalent responses with both set-ups. Notably, standard OKRs varied with time of day; peak responses of 29.8±7 saccades per minute occurred in the early afternoon with significantly reduced responses occurring in the early morning or late afternoon (18.5±3 and 18.4±4.5 saccades per minute, respectively). A customised series of 2D printed drums enabled analysis of VA and CS in 5-21 dpf zebrafish. The saccadic frequency in VA assays was inversely proportional to age and spatial frequency and in CS assays was inversely proportional to age and directly proportional to contrast of the stimulus. OKR, VA and CS of zebrafish larvae can be efficiently measured using 2D- or 3D-printed striped drums. For data consistency the luminance of the OKR light source, the time of day when the analysis is performed, and the order of presentation of VA and CS drums must be considered. These simple methods allow effective and more sensitive analysis of functional vision in zebrafish.

scholarly journals Affordable and Effective Optokinetic Response Methods to Assess Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Larval to Juvenile Zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Gómez Sánchez ◽  
Yolanda Álvarez ◽  
Basilio Colligris ◽  
Breandán N. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Data Consistency ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Functional Vision ◽  
2D And 3D

AbstractBackgroundThe optokinetic response (OKR) is an effective behavioural assay to investigate functional vision in zebrafish. The rapid and widespread use of gene editing, drug screening and environmental modulation technologies have resulted in a broader need for visual neuroscience researchers to access affordable and more sensitive OKR, contrast sensitivity (CS) and visual acuity (VA) assays. Here, we demonstrate how 2D- and 3D-printed, striped patterns or drums coupled with a motorised base and microscope provide a simple, cost-effective but efficient means to assay OKR, CS and VA in larval-juvenile zebrafish.ResultsIn wild-type, 5 days post-fertilisation (dpf) zebrafish, the 2D or 3D drums printed with the standard OKR stimulus of 0.02 cycles per degree (cpd), 100% black-white contrast evoked equivalent responses of 24.2 or 21.8 saccades per minute, respectively. Furthermore, although the OKR number was significantly reduced compared to the 0.02 cpd drum (p<0.0001), the 2D and 3D drums evoked respectively equivalent responses with the 0.06 and 0.2 cpd drums. Notably, standard OKR responses varied with time of day; peak responses of 29.8 saccades per minute occurred in the early afternoon with significantly reduced responses occurring in the early morning or late afternoon, (18.5 and 18.4 saccades per minute, respectively). A customised series of 2D printed drums enabled analysis of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in 5-21 dpf zebrafish. The saccadic frequency in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity assays, was inversely proportional to age, spatial frequency and contrast of the stimulus.ConclusionsOKR, VA and CS of zebrafish larvae can be efficiently measured using 2D- or 3D-printed striped drums. For data consistency the luminance of the OKR light source, the time of day when the analysis performed, and the order of presentation of VA and CS drums must be considered. These simple methods allow effective and more sensitive analysis of functional vision in zebrafish.

scholarly journals The Optokinetic Response as a Quantitative Measure of Visual Acuity in Zebrafish

10.3791/50832 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Joshua Cameron ◽  
Faydim Rassamdana ◽  
Peony Tam ◽  
Kathleen Dang ◽  
Carolina Yanez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Optokinetic Response

A novel and cheap method to correlate subjective and objective visual acuity by using the optokinetic response

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 2101-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Aleci ◽  
Martina Scaparrotti ◽  
Sabrina Fulgori ◽  
Lorenzo Canavese
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Cheap Method ◽  
Objective Visual Acuity

Objective Measurement of Visual Acuity by Optokinetic Response Determination in Patients With Ocular Diseases

2006 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Joo Shin ◽  
Kyu Hyoung Park ◽  
Jeong-Min Hwang ◽  
Won Ryang Wee ◽  
Jin Hak Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
Ocular Diseases ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Response Determination

Age-related changes in the visual acuity of larvae of New Zealand snapper, Pagrus auratus

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Pankhurst
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Theoretical Estimate ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Reactive Distance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pagrus Auratus

Snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider) (Pisces: Sparidae) larvae are visual feeders which initiate exogenous feeding four days after hatching. Visual acuity of cultured snapper larvae was determined morphologically from cone spacing within the retina, and improved from 2°10’ minimum separable angle (MSA) in a 4-d-old larva (3·2 mm SL) to 52’ in a fish 22 d old (5·8 mm SL). Visual acuity determined behaviourally using the optokinetic response, was poorer at the time of first feeding than acuity determined morphologically. Behaviourally determined acuity improved with growth from 38° in 4-d-old fish (mean SL 3·1 mm) to 8°8’ at 16 d of age (mean SL 4·9 mm). This was still lower than the theoretical estimate of acuity (55’ at 18 d old, 5·9 mm SL). An estimate of the Matthiessen ratio based upon histological measurements suggests that the larval eye is initially strongly myopic and grows into focus. Development of the lens accommodative system was first apparent in fish at 4 d of age as a pigmented outgrowth of the ventral iris. A retractor lentis muscle was present in 7-d-old larvae (3·5 mm SL) and suspensory ligaments were present in 10-d-old fish (3·6 mm SL). As a consequence, larval snapper were initially incapable of accommodative lens movements to correct for a refractive error. The maximum internal jaw dimensions, an estimate of maximum ingestible prey size, ranged from 152 μn at first feeding to 373 μm in a 22 d old larva. Reactive distance to prey based on MSA determined from the optokinetic response and maximum prey width, were small in first-feeding fish (0·2 mm for prey width of 150 μm), but increased linearly with both body size and prey width. Minimum separable angles of first-feeding snapper deter-mined optokinetically, were larger (lower acuity) than the visual angles determined from feeding events of first-feeding fish larvae reported elsewhere. This may reflect the fact that optokinetic experiments involve a single sensory modality and chemical sense and developing lateral line may contribute to visually oriented feeding.

scholarly journals Affordable and effective optokinetic response methods to assess visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in larval to juvenile zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Alicia Gómez Sánchez ◽  
Yolanda Álvarez ◽  
Basilio Colligris ◽  
Breandán N. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Data Consistency ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Functional Vision ◽  
2D And 3D

The optokinetic response (OKR) is an effective behavioural assay to investigate functional vision in zebrafish. The rapid and widespread use of gene editing, drug screening and environmental modulation technologies has resulted in a broader need for visual neuroscience researchers to access affordable and more sensitive OKR, contrast sensitivity (CS) and visual acuity (VA) assays. Here, we demonstrate how 2D- and 3D-printed, striped patterns or drums coupled with a motorised base and microscope provide a simple, cost-effective but efficient means to assay OKR, CS and VA in larval-juvenile zebrafish. In wild-type, five days post-fertilisation (dpf) zebrafish, the 2D or 3D drums printed with the standard OKR stimulus of 0.02 cycles per degree (cpd), 100% black-white contrast evoked equivalent responses of 24.2 or 21.8 saccades per minute, respectively. Furthermore, although the OKR number was significantly reduced compared to the 0.02 cpd drum (p<0.0001), the 2D and 3D drums evoked equivalent responses with the 0.06 and 0.2 cpd drums. Notably, standard OKRs varied with time of day; peak responses of 29.8 saccades per minute occurred in the early afternoon with significantly reduced responses occurring in the early morning or late afternoon (18.5 and 18.4 saccades per minute, respectively). A customised series of 2D printed drums enabled analysis of VA and CS in 5-21 dpf zebrafish. The saccadic frequency in VA and CS assays was inversely proportional to age, spatial frequency and contrast of the stimulus. OKR, VA and CS of zebrafish larvae can be efficiently measured using 2D- or 3D-printed striped drums. For data consistency the luminance of the OKR light source, the time of day when the analysis is performed, and the order of presentation of VA and CS drums must be considered. These simple methods allow effective and more sensitive analysis of functional vision in zebrafish.

scholarly journals Novel Short-Chain Quinones to Treat Vision Loss in a Rat Model of Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1016
Author(s):  
Abraham Daniel ◽  
Dino Premilovac ◽  
Lisa Foa ◽  
Zikai Feng ◽  
Krupali Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Drug Candidates

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the leading causes of blindness, is mainly diagnosed based on the vascular pathology of the disease. Current treatment options largely focus on this aspect with mostly insufficient therapeutic long-term efficacy. Mounting evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the central etiology of DR. Consequently, drug candidates that aim at normalizing mitochondrial function could be an attractive therapeutic approach. This study compared the mitoprotective compounds, idebenone and elamipretide, side-by-side against two novel short-chain quinones (SCQs) in a rat model of DR. The model effectively mimicked type 2 diabetes over 21 weeks. During this period, visual acuity was monitored by measuring optokinetic response (OKR). Vision loss occurred 5–8 weeks after the onset of hyperglycemia. After 10 weeks of hyperglycemia, visual function was reduced by 65%. From this point, the right eyes of the animals were topically treated once daily with the test compounds. The left, untreated eye served as an internal control. Only three weeks of topical treatment significantly restored vision from 35% to 58–80%, while visual acuity of the non-treated eyes continued to deteriorate. Interestingly, the two novel SCQs restored visual acuity better than idebenone or elamipretide. This was also reflected by protection of retinal pathology against oxidative damage, retinal ganglion cell loss, reactive gliosis, vascular leakage, and retinal thinning. Overall, mitoprotective and, in particular, SCQ-based compounds have the potential to be developed into effective and fast-acting drug candidates against DR.

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