scholarly journals How are the salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, 1837) in Atlantic salmon farming affected by different control efforts: A case study of an intensive production area with coordinated production cycles and changing delousing practices in 2013–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1573-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lone Sunniva Jevne ◽  
Kjell Inge Reitan
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Salmon Farming ◽  
Salmon Lice ◽  
Intensive Production ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Production Area

Thermal delousing in anaesthetised small Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts: A case study showing the viability of anaesthesia prior to delousing for improved welfare during treatment for salmon lice

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
O Folkedal ◽  
SO Utskot ◽  
J Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Salmon Lice ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Present Case Study

Delousing treatment for salmon sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is considered a significant welfare concern in farming of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar), where both industry and legislative bodies prompt for better methods. Currently, the most common method is thermal delousing, where fish are crowded, pumped into a vessel and exposed to ∼28–34°C for ∼30 s. Physical collisions occurring as a result of a loss of behavioural control lead to acute stress. Crowding triggers vigorous escape behaviour as salmon respond not only to treatment but also to being channeled to and from the treatment zone. A sequence of events considered to cause mortality and poor welfare. The present case study was motivated by an urgent need for delousing in groups of small salmon post-smolts in experimental research. For this purpose, a simple, small-scale system for thermal delousing was constructed, including anaesthesia to alleviate behavioural responses. The anaesthetised fish showed little behavioural response to thermal treatment, strong appetite within hours, and negligible mortality. The described method is regarded as a welfare-friendly alternative to industrial delousing in smaller fish groups, for example, in experimental research. We would encourage detailed research aimed towards gaining a deeper under-standing of the welfare effects of anaesthesia prior to treatment for delousing.

scholarly journals Salmon lice evasion, susceptibility, retention, and development differ amongst host salmonid species

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1071-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Bui ◽  
Elina Halttunen ◽  
Agnes M Mohn ◽  
Tone Vågseth ◽  
Frode Oppedal
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Sea Trout ◽  
Salmon Lice ◽  
Salmonid Species ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Temporal Overlap

Abstract With different ecological characteristics amongst salmonid species, their response to parasitic infestation is likely to vary according to their spatial and temporal overlap with the parasite. This study investigated the host–parasite interactions amongst three species of salmonids and the ectoparasitic salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. To determine any variation in infestation parameters amongst salmonids, single population groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha), and previously-infested and naïve sea trout (Salmo trutta) were exposed to a controlled infestation challenge. We found that chinook salmon and both sea trout groups were more susceptible to acquiring lice than Atlantic salmon. Behavioural responses during infestation were more pronounced in Atlantic and chinook salmon. Parasite development was similar in lice attached to Atlantic salmon and sea trout, but hindered on chinook salmon. At 16 days post-infestation, chinook salmon had reduced lice loads to the same level as Atlantic salmon, whilst sea trout retained their lice. These results demonstrate differences in interactions with L. salmonis amongst these species, and highlight the vulnerability of sea trout to infestation.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of the environmental impact of Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 997-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Lasse Taranger ◽  
Ørjan Karlsen ◽  
Raymond John Bannister ◽  
Kevin Alan Glover ◽  
Vivian Husa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Genetic Introgression ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Marine Research ◽  
Salmon Farming ◽  
Salmon Lice

Abstract Norwegian aquaculture has grown from its pioneering days in the 1970s to be a major industry. It is primarily based on culturing Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout and has the potential to influence the surrounding environment and wild populations. To evaluate these potential hazards, the Institute of Marine Research initiated a risk assessment of Norwegian salmon farming in 2011. This assessment has been repeated annually since. Here, we describe the background, methods and limitations of the risk assessment for the following hazards: genetic introgression of farmed salmon in wild populations, regulatory effects of salmon lice and viral diseases on wild salmonid populations, local and regional impact of nutrients and organic load. The main findings are as follows: (i) 21 of the 34 wild salmon populations investigated indicated moderate-to-high risk for genetic introgression from farmed escaped salmon. (ii) of 109 stations investigated along the Norwegian coast for salmon lice infection, 27 indicated moderate-to-high likelihood of mortality for salmon smolts while 67 stations indicated moderate-to-high mortality of wild sea trout. (iii) Viral disease outbreaks (pancreas disease, infectious pancreatic necrosis, heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, and cardiomyopathy syndrome) in Norwegian salmon farming suggest extensive release of viruses in many areas. However, screening of wild salmonids revealed low to very low prevalence of the causal viruses. (iv) From ∼500 yearly investigations of local organic loading under fish farms, only 2% of them displayed unacceptable conditions in 2013. The risk of eutrophication and organic load beyond the production area of the farm is considered low. Despite several limitations, especially limited monitoring data, this work represents one of the world’s first risk assessment of aquaculture. This has provided the Norwegian government with the basis upon which to take decisions for further development of the Norwegian aquaculture industry.

scholarly journals Differing susceptibility of anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations to salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)) infection

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1139-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A Glover ◽  
Ø Skaala ◽  
F Nilsen ◽  
R Olsen ◽  
A.J Teale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Salmon Louse ◽  
Sea Trout ◽  
Salmon Lice ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Abstract Three Norwegian sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) stocks and a farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stock were challenged with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)), in a “common garden” experiment. Sea trout from the River Guddal exhibited a significantly lower level of infection, as measured by louse abundance and louse density, than other stocks. In addition, salmon lice developed significantly more slowly on the Guddal stock than on the other stocks. Salmon louse abundance and density were similar for the Rivers Fortun and Sima stocks of sea trout, and abundance of lice, though not density, was highest for farmed Atlantic salmon. Within stocks, there were no differences in infection levels of salmon louse between mature and immature fish, between sexes, or between anal-fin-clipped and non-clipped salmon. Differences in infection level among the sea trout stocks may, it is suggested, reflect genetic differences.

scholarly journals Protective Immunization of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) against Salmon Lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infestation

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Haitham Tartor ◽  
Marius Karlsen ◽  
Rasmus Skern-Mauritzen ◽  
Adérito Luis Monjane ◽  
Charles McLean Press ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Vaccine Formulation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Salmon Lice ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses

Vaccination against salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a means of control that averts the negative effects of chemical approaches. Here, we studied the immunogenicity and protective effect of a vaccine formulation (based on a salmon lice-gut recombinant protein [P33]) against Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestation in Atlantic salmon in a laboratory-based trial. Our findings revealed that P33 vaccine can provide a measure of protection against immature and adult salmon lice infestation. This protection seemed to be vaccine dose-dependent, where higher doses resulted in lower parasitic infestation rates. We also provide immunological evidence confirming that P33-specific immune response can be triggered in Atlantic salmon after P33 vaccination, and that production of P33-specific antibodies in blood can be detected in vaccinated fish. The negative correlation between P33-specific IgM in salmon plasma and salmon lice numbers on vaccinated fish suggests that protection against lice can be mediated by the specific antibody in salmon plasma. The success of P33 vaccination in protecting salmon against lice confirms the possibility of employing the hematophagous nature of the parasite to deliver salmon-specific antibodies against lice-gut proteins.

scholarly journals Impact of a candidate vaccine on the dynamics of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation and immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0239827
Author(s):  
Jaya Kumari Swain ◽  
Yamila Carpio ◽  
Lill-Heidi Johansen ◽  
Janet Velazquez ◽  
Liz Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Candidate Vaccine ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmon Lice
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