E-Cigarettes: Policy Options and Legal Issues Amidst Uncertainty

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (S1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Kaufman ◽  
Margaret Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Closed Systems

E-cigarettes, sometimes referred to as ENDS (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems), include a broad range of products that deliver nicotine via heating and aerosolization of the drug. ENDS come in a variety of forms, but regardless of form generally consist of a solution containing humectant (e.g., propylene glycol or glycerol), flavorings, and usually nicotine (some solutions do not contain nicotine); a battery-powered coil that heats the solution into an aerosol (usually referred to as vapor) in an atomizing chamber; and a mouthpiece through which the user draws the vapor into the mouth and lungs. The devices may be closed systems containing prefilled cartridges, or open systems, where the user manually refills a 1-2 ml. tank with solution. What started as closed-system cigarette-shaped devices marketed as an adjunct for smoking cessation, has transitioned rapidly to literally thousands of hip and funky-designed open-system hookah pens, vape pens, and modifiable devices. For younger people, these forms are the “in” thing, while traditional cigarette-shaped devices are “out.”

Asymptotic expansions of moments of the waiting time in closed and open processor-sharing systems with multiple job classes

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debasis Mitra ◽  
J. A. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Asymptotic Expansions ◽  
Queueing Networks ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Asymptotic Series ◽  
Processor Sharing ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Closed Systems

We present new results based on novel techniques for the problem of characterizing the waiting-time distribution in a class of queueing networks. We give effective methods for computing, for each of possibly several job-classes, the second moment of the equilibrium waiting time for closed systems as well as for open systems. Both open and closed systems have a CPU operating under the processor-sharing (‘time-slicing') discipline in which service-time requirements may depend on job-class. The closed system also includes a bank of terminals grouped according to job-classes, with the class structure allowing distinctions in the user's behavior in the terminal. In the contrasting open system, the job streams submitted to the CPU are Poisson with rate parameters dependent on job-classes.Our results are exact for the open system and, for the closed system, in the form of an asymptotic series in inverse powers of a parameter N. In fact, the result for open networks is simply the first term in the asymptotic series. For larger closed systems, the parameter N is larger and thus fewer terms of the series need be computed to achieve a desired degree of accuracy. The complexity of the calculations for the asymptotic expansions is polynomial in number of classes and, importantly, independent of the class populations. Only the results on the single-class systems, closed and open, were previously known.

Asymptotic expansions of moments of the waiting time in closed and open processor-sharing systems with multiple job classes

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 813-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debasis Mitra ◽  
J. A. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Asymptotic Expansions ◽  
Queueing Networks ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Asymptotic Series ◽  
Processor Sharing ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Closed Systems

We present new results based on novel techniques for the problem of characterizing the waiting-time distribution in a class of queueing networks. We give effective methods for computing, for each of possibly several job-classes, the second moment of the equilibrium waiting time for closed systems as well as for open systems. Both open and closed systems have a CPU operating under the processor-sharing (‘time-slicing') discipline in which service-time requirements may depend on job-class. The closed system also includes a bank of terminals grouped according to job-classes, with the class structure allowing distinctions in the user's behavior in the terminal. In the contrasting open system, the job streams submitted to the CPU are Poisson with rate parameters dependent on job-classes. Our results are exact for the open system and, for the closed system, in the form of an asymptotic series in inverse powers of a parameter N. In fact, the result for open networks is simply the first term in the asymptotic series. For larger closed systems, the parameter N is larger and thus fewer terms of the series need be computed to achieve a desired degree of accuracy. The complexity of the calculations for the asymptotic expansions is polynomial in number of classes and, importantly, independent of the class populations. Only the results on the single-class systems, closed and open, were previously known.

Switching stories: user testimonials on juul.com continue to contradict JUUL’s switch ≠ cessation narrative

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055816
Author(s):  
Joanne G Patterson ◽  
Devin T LaPolt ◽  
Alexis R Miranda ◽  
Patricia J Zettler ◽  
Micah Berman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Advertising Campaign ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
Market Leader

BackgroundIn January 2019, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) market leader Juul Labs (JUUL) launched an advertising campaign encouraging adult smokers to ‘make the switch’ from combustible cigarettes to JUUL. Our primary aim was to describe consumer perceptions of JUUL as communicated by members of JUUL’s online social community via testimonials promoted on JUUL’s website.MethodsUser testimonials that were displayed on the JUUL website in December 2019 and January 2020 were collected and coded by three reviewers. A total of 220 testimonials were coded for primary and secondary themes (eight codes within four broader themes).ResultsTestimonial writers were, on average, 43.0 years old (range 28 to 74) and reported using JUUL for an average of 21.8 months (range 9 to 59 months). The most prominent theme, present in nearly half of the testimonials, was a description of how to use JUUL, with a mention of JUUL’s benefits and tips on how to use the product. Nearly four in 10 statements encouraged smokers to give JUUL a try or noted that JUUL is a better product compared with cigarettes. About one in 10 statements focused on switching from smoking cigarettes to using JUUL.ConclusionThis study presents a foundation for understanding how adult users describe JUUL, including their experiences using JUUL to ‘switch’ or stop smoking. Currently, the effectiveness of ENDS for smoking cessation is not supported by substantial evidence; however, if cessation is defined as ‘quitting combustible tobacco products’, then regulators should be aware that switch and cessation messages may not be distinct.

Amplifying the Significance of Systems Theory

2017 ◽  
pp. 301-308
Author(s):  
Mambo Mupepi
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
System Behavior ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Regulate System ◽  
Increase Productivity

In system theory organizations are viewed as closed or open systems. An open system interacts with the environment for its sustainability. The closed system does not interact with its setting consequently its behavior depends largely on internal dynamics of its parts. The centricity of an open organizational structure is one created and empowered to learn and change very fast to successfully achieve desired goals. However open systems need to embrace change as follows: transform inputs of energy and information to produce the products demanded by the customers, transact with key stakeholders to access resources, regulate system behavior to achieve stable performance, and adapt to continuously changing high velocity competition to increase productivity.

scholarly journals Tax incidence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in the USA

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056774
Author(s):  
Ce Shang ◽  
Shaoying Ma ◽  
Eric N Lindblom
Keyword(s):  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Tax Incidence ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Cigarette Taxes ◽  
A Value ◽  
Cigarette Tax ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Specific Tax

BackgroundA growing number of states or jurisdictions in the USA have imposed excise taxes on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). However, there is no consensus on how best to tax ENDS.ObjectivesWe specifically compare the tax incidence or burden for ENDS and cigarettes and analyse how ENDS tax incidence is associated with the choices of tax bases and rates.MethodsWe calculate ENDS excise tax incidence as the percentage of retail prices for each state or jurisdiction. Next, we use ordinary least squares to evaluate how tax incidence is associated with the choices of tax bases (eg, a specific tax base vs a value or ad valorem tax base) and rates and how these associations are moderated by product types.ResultsENDS and cigarette tax incidence is similar at the state level. Nonetheless, when federal cigarette taxes are considered, the cigarette tax incidence is higher than the tax incidence on closed-system ENDS. The proportion of states that impose value taxes is higher for open systems (65.4%) than for closed systems (46.2%). A value tax base is associated with a 7 percentage point lower tax incidence compared with a specific tax base. Product type further moderates the association between tax base and incidence.ConclusionTax incidence can be used to measure the strength of ENDS tax policies and how they are compared with cigarette taxes. Policymakers who aim to prevent youth from using ENDS may consider a value tax base to raise the tax incidence of closed systems—the product type preferred by young people.

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