Parental Mental Health Associated With Child Overweight and Obesity, Examined Within Rural and Urban Settings, Stratified by Income

A person’s living environment can have substantial impact on his/her mental health due to a range of factors related to the environment. It has often been argued that urban settings are a hotpot of sociocultural evolutions that attract individuals from the gender and sexual minority (GSM) groups. This has led to migration from rural to urban areas and also from one urban area to another urban area. Various push and pull factors in both the rural and urban areas help GSM individuals decide in which direction to move. While rural areas present with challenges such as social isolation within a homophobic/transphobic environment, urban areas also have their own unique set of challenges for the GSM population. In this chapter, we focus on various factors in both rural and urban settings that impact on the mental health of GSM population.

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Prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural and urban settings of 10 European countries

Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.11.011 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 442-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

I. Peytremann-Bridevaux ◽

D. Faeh ◽

B. Santos-Eggimann

Keyword(s):

Overweight And Obesity ◽

European Countries ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Rural And Urban

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The connections between parental mental health, parenting, child emotional regulation, and language competence of preschool children in low-income families

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e584752012-306 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Michaela Zajicek-Farber ◽

Lynn Mayer

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Low Income ◽

Emotional Regulation ◽

Parental Mental Health ◽

Language Competence ◽

Low Income Families

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Women's Perceptions of the Superintendency

Journal of School Leadership ◽

10.1177/105268469400400203 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 156-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marilyn L. Grady ◽

Theresa Ourada-Sieb ◽

Linda H. Wesson

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Educational Administration ◽

Graduate Programs ◽

Women Superintendents ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Personal Strengths ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Study Results ◽

Women’S Perceptions

The majority of students enrolled in graduate programs in educational administration are women. However, few of these students aspire to be superintendents. This study was undertaken to identify the sources of job satisfaction, the benefits of the job, the sources of self-fulfillment, and the personal strengths that women bring to the superintendent's role. The study results are based on interviews with 51 women superintendents from rural and urban settings. For individuals considering assuming a superintendent's position, the findings offer a positive portrait of the superintendency from the perspectives of the women interviewed.

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Decomposing the rural–urban gap in factors associated with childhood immunisation in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from surveys in 23 countries

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003773 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e003773

Author(s):

Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽

Yusuf Olushola Kareem ◽

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

Sanni Yaya

Keyword(s):

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Childhood Immunisation ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Full Immunisation ◽

Sub Saharan

BackgroundAbout 31 million children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) suffer from immunisation preventable diseases yearly and more than half a million children die because of lack of access to immunisation. Immunisation coverage has stagnated at 72% in SSA over the past 6 years. Due to evidence that full immunisation of children may be determined by place of residence, this study aimed at investigating the rural–urban differential in full childhood immunisation in SSA.MethodsThe data used for this study consisted of 26 241 children pooled from 23 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2018 in SSA. We performed a Poisson regression analysis with robust Standard Errors (SEs) to determine the factors associated with full immunisation status for rural and urban children. Likewise, a multivariate decomposition analysis for non-linear response model was used to examine the contribution of the covariates to the observed rural and urban differential in full childhood immunisation. All analyses were performed using Stata software V.15.0 and associations with a p<0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsMore than half of children in urban settings were fully immunised (52.8%) while 59.3% of rural residents were not fully immunised. In all, 76.5% of rural–urban variation in full immunisation was attributable to differences in child and maternal characteristics. Household wealth was an important component contributing to the rural–urban gap. Specifically, richest wealth status substantially accounted for immunisation disparity (35.7%). First and sixth birth orders contributed 7.3% and 14.9%, respectively, towards the disparity while 7.9% of the disparity was attributable to distance to health facility.ConclusionThis study has emphasised the rural–urban disparity in childhood immunisation, with children in the urban settings more likely to complete immunisation. Subregional, national and community-level interventions to obviate this disparity should target children in rural settings, those from poor households and women who have difficulties in accessing healthcare facilities due to distance.

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Parental mental health conditions and use of healthcare services in children the first year of life– a register-based, nationwide study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10625-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Signe Heuckendorff ◽

Martin Nygård Johansen ◽

Søren Paaske Johnsen ◽

Charlotte Overgaard ◽

Kirsten Fonager

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Health Condition ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Mental Health Condition ◽

Parental Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Conditions ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Paternal Mental Health ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Parental mental health conditions have been associated with increased morbidity and use of healthcare services in offspring. Existing studies have not examined different severities of parental mental health conditions, and the impact of paternal mental health has been overlooked. We examined the association between two severities of parental mental health conditions and use of healthcare services for children during the first year of life and explored the impact of both maternal and paternal mental health conditions. Methods This register-based cohort study included all live-born children born in Denmark from 2000 to 2016. Information on socioeconomics, diagnoses, drug prescriptions, and healthcare contacts was extracted from nationwide public registries. Parents were grouped according to severity of mental condition based on the place of treatment of the mental health condition. Negative binominal regression analyses were performed to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of contacts to general practice (GP), out-of-hour medical service, emergency room (ER), and out- and inpatient hospital contacts during the first 12 months of the child’s life. Results The analyses included 964,395 children. Twenty percent of the mothers and 12 % of the fathers were identified with mental health conditions. Paternal mental health conditions were independently associated with increased risk of infant healthcare contacts (GP IRR 1.05 (CI95% 1.04–1.06) and out-of-hour IRR 1.20 (CI95% 1.18–1.22)). Risks were higher for maternal mental health conditions (GP IRR 1.18 (CI95% 1.17–1.19) and out-of-hour IRR 1.39 (CI95% 1.37–1.41)). The risks were even higher if both parents were classified with a mental health condition (GP IRR 1.25 (CI95% 1.23–1.27) and out-of-hour contacts IRR 1.49 (CI95% 1.45–1.54)), including minor mental health condition (GP IRR 1.22 (CI95% 1.21–1.24) and out-of-hour IRR 1.37 (CI95% 1.34–1.41)). This pattern was the same for all types of healthcare contacts. Conclusions Both maternal and paternal mental health conditions, including minor mental health conditions, were associated with increased utilization of healthcare services. Focus on both parents’ mental health conditions (even if minor) may be warranted in service planning.

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Examine the association between key determinants identified by the chronic disease indicator framework and multimorbidity by rural and urban settings

Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity ◽

10.1177/26335565211028157 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 263355652110281

Author(s):

John S. Moin ◽

Richard H. Glazier ◽

Kerry Kuluski ◽

Alex Kiss ◽

Ross E.G. Upshur

Keyword(s):

Chronic Disease ◽

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Chronic Conditions ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Administrative Databases ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Indicator Framework

Background: Multimorbidity, often defined as having two or more chronic conditions is a global phenomenon. This study examined the association between key determinants identified by the chronic disease indicator framework and multimorbidity by rural and urban settings. The prevalence of individual diseases was also investigated by age and sex. Methods: The Canada Community Health Survey and linked health administrative databases were used to examine the association between multimorbidity, sociodemographic, behavioral, and other risk factors in the province of Ontario. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to conduct the main analysis. Results: Analyses were stratified by age (20–64 and 65–95) and area of residence (rural and urban). A total sample of n = 174,938 residents between the ages of 20–95 were examined in the Ontario province, of which 18.2% (n = 31,896) were multimorbid with 2 chronic conditions, and 23.4% (n = 40,883) with 3+ chronic conditions. Females had a higher prevalence of 2 conditions (17.9% versus 14.6%) and 3+ conditions (19.7% vs. 15.6%) relative to males. Out of all examined variables, poor self-perception of health, age, Body Mass Index, and income were most significantly associated with multimorbidity. Smoking was a significant risk factor in urban settings but not rural, while drinking was significant in rural and not urban settings. Income inequality was associated with multimorbidity with greater magnitude in rural areas. Prevalence of multimorbidity and having three or more chronic conditions were highest among low-income populations. Conclusion: Interventions targeting population weight, age/sex specific disease burdens, and additional focus on stable income are encouraged.

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