Gender and sexual minorities

2019 ◽  
pp. 258-268
Author(s):  
Richard Bradlow ◽  
Neha Singh ◽  
Suraj Beloskar ◽  
Gurvinder Kalra
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Push And Pull

A person’s living environment can have substantial impact on his/her mental health due to a range of factors related to the environment. It has often been argued that urban settings are a hotpot of sociocultural evolutions that attract individuals from the gender and sexual minority (GSM) groups. This has led to migration from rural to urban areas and also from one urban area to another urban area. Various push and pull factors in both the rural and urban areas help GSM individuals decide in which direction to move. While rural areas present with challenges such as social isolation within a homophobic/transphobic environment, urban areas also have their own unique set of challenges for the GSM population. In this chapter, we focus on various factors in both rural and urban settings that impact on the mental health of GSM population.

scholarly journals Applicability of three complementary relationship models for estimating actual evapotranspiration in urban area

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Nakamichi ◽  
Toshitsugu Moroizumi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The characteristics of evapotranspiration estimated by the complementary relationship actual evapotranspiration (CRAE), the advection-aridity (AA), and the modified advection-aridity (MAA) models were investigated in six pairs of rural and urban areas of Japan in order to evaluate the applicability of the three models the urban area. The main results are as follows: 1) The MAA model could apply to estimating the actual evapotranspiration in the urban area. 2) The actual evapotranspirations estimated by the three models were much less in the urban area than in the rural. 3) The difference among the estimated values of evapotranspiration in the urban areas was significant, depending on each model, while the difference among the values in the rural areas was relatively small. 4) All three models underestimated the actual evapotranspiration in the urban areas from humid surfaces where water and green spaces exist. 5) Each model could take the effect of urbanization into account.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in the Population of Indian Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa, Inhabiting the Arid Zone of Rajasthan, India

Our Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
K.C. Soni ◽  
A.N. Sharma ◽  
V.C. Soni
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Juvenile Population ◽  
Rural And Urban Area

The population of Black ibis (Pseudibis papillosa) inhabiting rural and urban area of Churu city, Rajasthan was seasonally determined by the direct count method. The counting of the Black ibis was made at roosting sites of Churu city (28°15′N and 74°55′E, 286 msl) and it’s out skirts area of 400 km2. Total 35 roosting sites were identified in the study area of which 19 were located in the urban area and 16 in the rural areas. It was found that number was relatively higher from June to August in 2003, 2004 and 2005. However, the number was highest from June 2004 to August 2004 and lowest from June 2006 to August 2006. The maximum number of adult was noticed in the rainy months of every year. A sharp decline in the juvenile population was observed from January 2004 to April 2004. Maximum 17 juvenile birds were observed in the months of May and June 2004 and October 2005 while the minimum 4 juveniles were observed in January 2005. An average 40.08±3.62 and 35.33±4.61 in 2003, 42.5±4.81 and 43.16±8.69 in 2004, 42.16±4.23 and 38.33±4.47 in 2005 and 36.25±3.81 and 34.91±4.52 in 2006 ibises were recorded in rural and urban areas, respectively. The maximum number of ibis i.e. 101 individuals, occurred in the month of June, 2004. But in general, the population remained more or less constant with seasonal variations involving dispersion during the monsoons and aggregation during the winters. The winter season adversely affects the population of Black ibis in the study area because of the non availability of preferential food, particularly insects.Key words: Seasonal variation, population, Black ibis, arid zone, Rajasthan, IndiaDOI: 10.3126/on.v7i1.2571Our Nature (2009) 7:193-202

scholarly journals Seasonal variation in the population of Black kite (Milvus migrans), inhabiting the Arid Zone of Rajasthan

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
K. C Soni
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Milvus Migrans ◽  
Black Kite ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural And Urban Area

The population of Black kite (Milvus migrans) inhabiting rural and urban area of Churu city, Rajasthan was seasonally determined by the direct count method. The counting of the Black kite was made at roosting sites of Churu city (28o 15’ N and 74o 55’ E, 286 msl) and it’s out skirts area of 400 km2. Total 46 roosting sites were identified in the study area of which 34 were located in the urban area and 12 in the rural areas. It was found that number was relatively higher from June to September 2012, 2013 and 2014. However, the maximum numbers of Black kite were during August 2012 and July 2014 and minimum were during November 2012 and February 2012. The maximum number of adult was noticed in the rainy months of every year. A sharp decline in the juvenile population was observed from September 2014 to December 2014. Maximum 28 and 22 juvenile birds were observed in the month of August 2012 and July 2013 while the minimum 4 juvenile were observed in February 2012, March 2013 and November 2014. An average 25.41 ±SD12.4 and 42.33 ±SD 18.82in 2102, 27.33 ±SD 9.19 and  54.25 ±SD  14.9 in 2013, 20.90 ±SD 5.05and 43.08 ±SD 12.75in 2014 Black kites were observed in rural and urban areas, respectively. The maximum number of Black kites i.e. 134 individuals, occurred in the month of August 2012. But in general, the population remained more or less constant with seasonal variations involving dispersion during the monsoons and aggregation during the winters. The winter season adversely affects the population of Black kite in the study area because of the non-availability of preferential food.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN KEANEKARAGAMAN MAKROBENTOS SEBAGAI INDIKATOR BIOLOGI PENENTUAN KUALITAS AIR DI AREA PERKOTAAAN DAN DI PEDESAAAN LAMPUNG

BIOLOVA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-150
Author(s):  
Teguh Santoso ◽  
Agus Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Village

This has not been known as a comparison of macrobentos diversity between rural and urban areas. Based on this, it is necessary to analyze the comparison of Macrobentos in the urban area with rural areas. The river which is in the analogues of urban areas is the river Way Belau (Bandar Lampung) and the river Well Putri (Bandar Lampung), while the river which is in the area of the river in the countryside is the Pasir Sakti (East Lampung) and the River Raman Pujodadi (Trimurjo). The purpose of this study is to compare the diversity of Macrobentos in urban areas with rural areap. The type of research in this article is descriptive. The conclusion of this study is that there is a difference in the diversity of macrobentos between rivers that exist in rural areas with rivers that exist in urban areas. The rivers in the village area nudge have more macro-bentos diversity compared to existing rivers in urban areas.

scholarly journals Kadar glukosa darah dan tekanan darah pada penduduk pedesaan dan perkotaan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasmini Tasmini ◽  
Arta Farmawati ◽  
Sunarti Sunarti ◽  
Pramudji Hastuti ◽  
Ahmad Hamim Sadewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRAK Sebagian besar penduduk di daerah pedesaan bertaraf ekonomi menengah ke bawah, memiliki keterbatasan akses informasi, dan memiliki mata pencaharian berbeda dibanding penduduk kota. Bantar Kulon merupakan daerah pedesaan dan Kronggahan adalah daerah perkotaan di Yogyakarta. Mengingat terjadinya pergeseran pola penyakit dari penyakit menular ke penyakit tidak menular serta adanya pengaruh lingkungan dan gaya hidup terhadap terjadinya penyakit degeneratif, dilakukan pengkajian mengenai faktor risiko sindroma metabolik di dua daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) dan tekanan darah (TD), serta keluhan/ penyakit utama pada penduduk di daerah pedesaan dan perkotaan. Sebanyak 71 orang dari Bantar Kulon dan 91 orang dari Kronggahan diperiksa kadar GDP menggunakan GCU Multi-Function Monitoring System (EasyTouch®). Tekanan darah diperiksa menggunakan sphygmomanometer raksa dan otomatis. Faktor risiko GDP dan TD kedua lokasi ditampilkan dalam bentuk deskriptif berdasarkan cut-off (GDP: ≥100mg/dL; TD: ≥140/90 mmHg). Uji t atau Mann Whitney U dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaaan nilai variabel antar kedua lokasi. Hasil dinyatakan berbeda bermakna jika p<0,05. Data keluhan kesehatan ditampilkan secara deskriptif. Tidak ada perbedaan kadar GDP antara desa dan kota (p=0,385). Persentase subjek yang memiliki GDP ≥ 100 mg/dL lebih banyak di kota dibanding desa (42,3% vs 26,4%). Persentase hipertensi berdasarkan pemeriksaan lebih tinggi di kota dibanding desa (50,5% vs 33,8%). Berdasarkan wawancara, keluhan/ penyakit tertinggi pada kedua wilayah adalah hipertensi sebanyak 23 orang (33,82%) di desa dan 30 (32,97%) di kota. Disimpulkan bahwa faktor risiko GDP di atas normal lebih banyak ditemukan di desa sedangkan hipertensi lebih banyak ditemukan di kota. Keluhan/ penyakit utama di kedua wilayah adalah hipertensi.KATA KUNCI kadar glukosa darah; penyakit metabolik; hipertensi; pedesaan; perkotaan             ABSTRACT Most people living in rural areas are from lower to middle income class, have limited access to information, and have different occupations compared to those in urban areas. In Yogyakarta, Bantar Kulon is a rural area, while Kronggahan is an urban area. Currently, the pattern of disease is shifting from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases with environment and lifestyle factors as determinants. Thus, it is necessary to study the trends of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in both areas. This study aimed to seek the difference of  fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), and major complaints/illness between rural and urban areas. 71 people from Bantar Kulon and 91 people from Kronggahan were examined for FBG levels using GCU Monitoring System (EasyTouch®). Blood pressures were checked using sphygmomanometer. Risk factors for FBG and BP were presented as frequencies based on cut-offs (FBG: ≥100mg/dL; BP: ≥140/90 mmHg). T-test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the difference in variables between both areas. Results were significantly different if p <0.05. Health complaint data were displayed descriptively. There was no difference in FBG level between rural and urban areas (p = 0.385). The percentage of subjects with  FBG ≥ 100 mg / dL was higher in Kronggahan than in Bantar Kulon (42.3% vs 26.4%). Based on examination, percentage of hypertension was higher in urban than rural areas (50.5% vs. 33.8%). Based on interviews, the top complaint/ disease in both areas was hypertension. The number of subjects who were diagnosed with hypertension were 23 (33,82%) and 30 (32,97%) from Bantar Kulon and Kronggahan respectively. Impaired fasting glucose was more common in Bantar Kulon (rural area) while hypertension is more common in Kronggahan (urban area). The main complaint / disease in both regions is hypertension.KEYWORDS blood glucose; metabolic syndrome; hypertension; rural area; urban area

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

scholarly journals Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e042762
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Shao-Hua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

Relating Household Consumption Expenditures to Road Traffic Fatalities: A Rural–Urban Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110332
Author(s):  
Ruchika Agarwala ◽  
Vinod Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Traffic Fatality ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Relationship

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.

Komparácia pro-poor rastu vo vidieckych a mestských oblastiach Indonézie

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Frličková
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Partial Period ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The paper analyses construction and use of a selected indicator of pro-poor growth – the rate of pro-poor growth. It further explains the interpretation of this indicator in absolute and relative terms and indicates how economic growth affects poverty and inequality. The selected indicator is applied to the example of Indonesia and compares pro-poor growth in urban and rural areas of the country, examines regional disparities in terms of pro-poor growth for the period 1996–2019. From the absolute interpretation, pro-poor growth is observed in both urban and rural areas over the whole period. In relative terms, results of pro-poor growth for the first partial period (1996–2000) differ. While there was a relative pro-poor growth in the rural areas, there was a strong pro-poor growth in the cities with a significant decline in inequality observed (incomes of poor people increased while the average income of the whole population dropped). Indonesia achieved trickle-down growth in both rural and urban areas in two remaining periods (2000–2010 and 2010–2019).

scholarly journals The Quality of Life of Coronavirus Disease Survivors Living in Rural and Urban Area of Riau Province, Indonesia

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Suyanto Suyanto ◽  
Shashi Kandel ◽  
Rahmat Azhari Kemal ◽  
Arfianti Arfianti
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rural And Urban Area

This study assesses the status of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among coronavirus survivors living in rural and urban districts in Riau province, Indonesia. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 468 and 285 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) survivors living in rural and urban areas, respectively in August 2021. The St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used to measure the HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors. A higher total score domain corresponds to worse quality of life status. Quantile regression with the respect to 50th percentile found a significant association for the factors living in rural areas, being female, having comorbidities, and being hospitalized during treatment, with total score of 4.77, 2.43, 7.22, and 21.27 higher than in their contra parts, respectively. Moreover, having received full vaccination had the score 3.96 in total score. The HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors living in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas. Factors such as living in rural areas, female sex, having comorbidities, and history of symptomatic COVID-19 infection were identified as significant predictors for lower quality of life. Meanwhile, having full vaccination is a significant predictor for a better quality of life. The results of this study can provide the targeted recommendations for improvement of HRQOL of COVID-19 survivors.

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