Comparing Elicited Imitation and Word Monitoring as Measures of Implicit Knowledge

Timed grammaticality judgment tests (TGJT) and oral elicited imitation tests (OEIT) are considered reliable and valid measures of implicit linguistic knowledge, but studies consistently observe better performances on the TGJT than the OEIT due to the different types of processing they require: comprehension for the TGJT and production for the OEIT. This study examines whether degree of access to implicit knowledge is a function of processing type. Results from a series of factor analyses suggest that the OEIT requires greater access to implicit knowledge—implying that it measures stronger implicit knowledge—than the TGJT. Furthermore, the study examines effects on construct validity of time pressure in the OEIT (uncontrolled vs. controlled) and modality in the TGJT (written vs. aural). The results indicate that the tests reached higher construct validity, or measuredstrongerimplicit knowledge, when the OEIT employed controlled time pressure and the TGJT used aural stimuli.

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The Effects of Recasts and Working Memory on the Development of Implicit and Explicit Knowledge

Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics ◽

10.1515/cjal-2016-0001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jieun Ahn ◽

Youngkyu Kim

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Explicit Knowledge ◽

Implicit Knowledge ◽

Control Group ◽

Elicited Imitation ◽

Grammaticality Judgment ◽

Causative Construction ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

The Impact ◽

Experimental Group

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the effects of recasts and working memory on the acquisition of Korean morphological causatives by advanced Chinese learners of Korean. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: A experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received intensive recasts during task-based interaction, whereas the control group did not. The effects of recasts were measured by two types of tests: An elicited imitation test, as a measure of implicit knowledge, and an untimed grammaticality judgment test, as a measure of explicit knowledge. The findings are as follows. First, from the pretest to the delayed posttest, recasts facilitated the learners’ acquisition of causative construction by developing both their implicit and explicit knowledge. Second, the results of delayed posttests showed that recasts were more effective in aiding the development of implicit knowledge than explicit knowledge. Third, working memory was found to be a significant covariate in the facilitative effects of recasts on explicit knowledge; that is, it mediated the development of explicit knowledge via recasts as a significant individual difference factor. The effects of recasts were maintained even when the impact of working memory was controlled. (189 words)

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The Elicited Language Analysis Procedure

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.1301.37 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 37-41

Author(s):

Larry J. Mattes

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Tool ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Quality Measures ◽

Analysis Procedure ◽

Elicited Imitation ◽

Response Quality ◽

Semantic Relationships ◽

Language Analysis

Elicited imitation tasks are frequently used as a diagnostic tool in evaluating children with communication handicaps. This article presents a scoring procedure that can be used to obtain an in-depth descriptive analysis of responses produced on elicited imitation tasks. The Elicited Language Analysis Procedure makes it possible to systematically evaluate responses in terms of both their syntactic and semantic relationships to the stimulus sentences presented by the examiner. Response quality measures are also included in the analysis procedure.

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Patterns of Implicit Learning Below the Level of Conscious Knowledge

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000018 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 91-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juliana Yordanova ◽

Rolf Verleger ◽

Ullrich Wagner ◽

Vasil Kolev

Keyword(s):

Implicit Learning ◽

Explicit Knowledge ◽

Implicit Knowledge ◽

Knowledge Generation ◽

Sleep Stages ◽

Implicit Processing ◽

Implicit Processes ◽

Late Night ◽

On Line ◽

On Line Learning

The objective of the present study was to evaluate patterns of implicit processing in a task where the acquisition of explicit and implicit knowledge occurs simultaneously. The number reduction task (NRT) was used as having two levels of organization, overt and covert, where the covert level of processing is associated with implicit associative and implicit procedural learning. One aim was to compare these two types of implicit processes in the NRT when sleep was or was not introduced between initial formation of task representations and subsequent NRT processing. To assess the effects of different sleep stages, two sleep groups (early- and late-night groups) were used where initial training of the task was separated from subsequent retest by 3 h full of predominantly slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In two no-sleep groups, no interval was introduced between initial and subsequent NRT performance. A second aim was to evaluate the interaction between procedural and associative implicit learning in the NRT. Implicit associative learning was measured by the difference between the speed of responses that could or could not be predicted by the covert abstract regularity of the task. Implicit procedural on-line learning was measured by the practice-based increased speed of performance with time on task. Major results indicated that late-night sleep produced a substantial facilitation of implicit associations without modifying individual ability for explicit knowledge generation or for procedural on-line learning. This was evidenced by the higher rate of subjects who gained implicit knowledge of abstract task structure in the late-night group relative to the early-night and no-sleep groups. Independently of sleep, gain of implicit associative knowledge was accompanied by a relative slowing of responses to unpredictable items suggesting reciprocal interactions between associative and motor procedural processes within the implicit system. These observations provide evidence for the separability and interactions of different patterns of processing within implicit memory.

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