Redrawing the Boundaries on Theory, Research, and Practice Concerning Language Teachers’ Philosophies and Language Teacher Cognition: Toward a Critical Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAHAM V. CROOKES
Author(s):  
Ljubiša Zlatanović

Although there is a diversity of scientific trends and tendencies within health psychology, it could be said that this discipline of psychology consists of two main and clearly different approaches: the dominant approach of traditional (“mainstream”) health psychology and the recently developed but growing approach of “critical” health psychology. In line with this contention, in the focus of attention of this article are the current state and the newer critical trends in theory, research and practice of contemporary health psychology. The main aims of the article are the following: (1) to present the key points of difference between these two distinct approaches to health psychology, emphasizing the central conceptual and methodological developments within critical health psychology; (2) to indicate the reasons for critical rethinking existing health psychology; and (3) to suggest that critical alternative approaches are an important contribution to the further development of contemporary health psychology as an academic discipline.


Author(s):  
Pelin Irgin

There is a substantial amount of research in the field of language teacher cognition reiterating that teachers' beliefs influence their classroom practices; however, teacher beliefs and practices do not always correspond because of the differences in both researchers' and teachers' conceptualization of beliefs and practices. This study aims to investigate the beliefs and practices of 96 language teachers in Turkey. A mixed-method research design was employed to answer the questions to what extent teachers' beliefs and practices reflect the issues stated in the literature on second language listening, what their beliefs and listening instructional practices are, whether their beliefs and practices converge, and if so, what factors underpin them.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-680
Author(s):  
Alireza Mohammadzadeh Mohammadabadi ◽  
Saeed Ketabi ◽  
Dariush Nejadansari

Learning about language teacher cognition (LTC) is useful for understanding how language teachers act in the classroom. Employing an ecological framework, this study aimed to explore the factors influencing language teachers’ LTCs at different levels. To this end, qualitative data using semi-structured interviews and observation were collected from 62 (30 males and 32 females) Iranian EFL teachers. The results indicated that, at microsystem level, factors such as teaching equipment and facilities, teachers’ mood and feelings, their job satisfaction, and language proficiency influenced LTC. At mesosystem level, LTC was influenced by teachers’ prior learning experience, the collaboration and collegiality among teachers working in the language institute, teachers’ self-efficacy, and critical incidents that happened when teaching or learning. Additionally, the results indicated that exosystem level factors including teacher appraisal criteria, the teaching program and curriculum, and teacher immunity affected LTC. Moreover, LTC was subject to the influence of the government’s attitudes about ELT and religious beliefs about self and interaction, and friendliness with students at macrosystem level. More importantly, it was found that the factors influencing LTC were interrelated and interconnected and in several cases, LTC was a product of joint effect of several factors at various ecosystem levels. Finally, findings in this study suggest that language teaching programs provide recent educational technology in the classroom, foster collaboration and collegiality among teachers, and clarify teacher appraisal criteria for teachers in order to help create positive language teaching beliefs.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Llovet Vilà

AbstractTo better understand language teaching, there is a need to carry out research on teacher cognition, that is, to find out what teachers know, believe, and think, how they access these cognitions, and how they draw on them. This study examines how the intended curriculum reform is implemented in the Spanish as a second foreign language classroom in Norwegian lower secondary schools. More specifically, the study focuses on how teacher cognition about language teaching and learning shapes the development of oral skills. Using a mixed method research approach, seven Spanish language teachers in 8th grade were initially interviewed, thereafter observed for four consecutive lessons, and finally interviewed again to gain further insight into the rationale in their teaching practices. The data analysis manifested a gap regarding the curriculum intention and the implementation observed. In the articulation of the principles of their teaching, teachers provided evidence of the ways in which their prior beliefs about language, teaching and learning from schooling, and professional teaching experiences powerfully influenced the extent to which they implemented the curriculum. This study highlights the need (1) to reconsider the design of current pre-service language teacher training programs, (2) to provide continuous teacher training and teacher development opportunities to in-service language teachers, and (3) to clarify both the intention and the operationalization of the language subject curriculum reform if it attempts to bring about change.Keywords: Teacher Cognition/Teacher Beliefs, Classroom Observation, Oral Skills, Foreign Language Teaching, Spanish Didactics, Curriculum Reform.Lærerholdninger og Kunnskapsløftet (K06): Utvikling av muntlige ferdigheter i spanskundervisningenSammendragFor å kunne forstå språkundervisning bedre er det behov for å forske på lærerholdninger, det vil si, å finne ut hva lærerne vet, tror og tenker, og hvordan de får tilgang til og benytter seg av denne kunnskapen. Denne studien undersøker hvordan den intenderte læreplanen er implementert i spanskundervisningen ved norske ungdomsskoler. Mer spesifikt tar studien sikte på å undersøke hvordan lærerholdninger til språklæring og språkundervisning former utviklingen av muntlige ferdigheter. Ved hjelp av en kombinasjon av kvalitative og kvantitative metoder ble sju spansklærere på 8. trinn intervjuet og deretter observert i løpet av en toukers periode, før de ble intervjuet på nytt for å få et klarere innblikk av hva som ligger til grunn for deres undervisningspraksis. Resultatene viser et gap mellom intensjonene i læreplanen og den observerte undervisningen. Lærernes egne formuleringer av prinsipper i egen undervisningspraksis, viste at deres tidligere oppfatninger om språk, undervisning, og språklæring, både fra egen skolegang og som profesjonelle lærere, påvirket dem sterkt med tanke på i hvilken grad de implementerer læreplanen. Denne studien understreker behovet (1) for å revurdere utformingen av lærerutdanningsprogrammer ved universiteter og høyskoler, (2) for å gi utviklingsmuligheter til lærere for etter- og videreutdanning og (3) for å avklare både definisjonen og operasjonaliseringen av læreplanen dersom læreplanreformen forsøker å få til endring.Nøkkelord: lærerholdninger, klasseromsobservasjon, muntlige ferdigheter, fremmedspråkundervisning, spansk fagdidaktikk, læreplanreform


2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Sheehan

This paper considers teachers’ attitudes to assessment.  The attitudes were explored through Borg’s (2015) Language Teacher Cognition Framework.   A mixed-methods approach of questionnaire and interview was adopted.  The online survey was completed by English language teachers working in 57 different countries worldwide. The questionnaire was divided into 3 sections. The first section included questions which related to the participants’ experiences of assessment at school. The second section explored the participants’ assessment training experiences both in their initial teaching training and in any professional development sessions they had attended. The third and final section explored the participants’ assessment practices and their beliefs about assessment.  These three sections are based on the Language Teacher Cognition Framework. The interviews were conducted to explore the reasoning behind the responses given to the questionnaire.  The framework also informed the data analysis process.  Classroom experiences and professional development sessions were found to have the most influence on the teachers’ attitudes to assessment.  The participants were influenced by their experiences of assessment at school as they choose to avoid replicating the assessment practices which had been used when they were being assessed. 


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Serhat Başar

This Language Teacher Cognition (LTC) study primarily explores language teachers’ beliefs and practices about a common Instructed Second Language Acquisition (ISLA) construct: Grammar Teaching (GT). This study also aims to investigate to what extent teacher beliefs and practices compromise with each other and cognitive and contextual factors behind their cognition. The data were collected through interviews, observations, and stimulated recall with the teachers. The findings after a cross-case analysis revealed that coursebook-based beliefs, experience-based beliefs, lack of theoretical knowledge and inclination for communicative activities influence what teachers believe about GT. There are both congruent and incongruent relationships between beliefs and practices varying from one teacher to another due to the effect of experiential knowledge, unconscious decisions, and some contextual factors. The findings can contribute to the integration of LTC into ISLA studies, and to LTC framework by exploring the effects of many variables on teachers’ decision making processes. Key words: Language Teacher Cognition (LTC), Grammar Teaching (GT), teacher beliefs, teacher practices


1990 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1006-1006
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated

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