Welfare and Old Age in Europe and North America: the Development of Social Insurance Edited by BernardHarris London: Pickering and Chatto, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84893-189-3; £60.00 (hbk).

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-611
Author(s):  
John Macnicol
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Insurance

The Social Security Program of the United States

1936 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Social Security Program ◽  
Unemployment Compensation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Old Age Assistance ◽  
State Unemployment

The Federal Social Security Act, which may be regarded as the central core of the social security program, is an omnibus act, containing the following features: (1) a national, compulsory oldage insurance plan, covering all employees except certain exempted groups; (2) two measures designed to stimulate the states to enact state unemployment compensation laws, namely, (a) a uniform nation-wide tax upon employers, against which a credit is allowable for contributions made to approved state unemployment compensation plans, and (b) subsidies to the states to cover the administrative costs of unemployment compensation; and (3) grants-in-aid to the states for old-age assistance, pensions for the blind, aid to dependent children, child welfare, maternal and child health, vocational rehabilitation, and public health activities. It is estimated that each of the two forms of social insurance will apply to about 25,000,000 wage-earners, and, when the maximum rates become effective in 1949, will involve annual contributions of nearly $3,000,000,000. This amount is approximately equal to the normal annual expenditure of the federal government prior to 1930. In addition, the grants-in-aid to the states were estimated by the actuaries of the President's Committee on Economic Security to reach a total of a half-billion dollars annually within a few years.History of the Federal ActWhen, in a message to Congress on June 8, 1934, the President indicated that he would submit a program of social insurance for consideration at the following session, the Wagner-Lewis unemployment insurance bill and the Dill-Connery old-age assistance bill were pending. Shortly afterwards, the President, by executive order, created the Committee on Economic Security, consisting of the Secretaries of Labor (chairman), Treasury, and Agriculture, the Attorney-General, and the Federal Emergency Relief Administrator. This committee appointed Professor Edwin E. Witte, of the University of Wisconsin, as executive director, and proceeded to build up a staff of actuaries and experts to study the whole problem of economic insecurity, and to prepare recommendations.

A New Deal for the Alien

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cybelle Fox
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Aid To Dependent Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disparate Treatment ◽  
Old Age Assistance ◽  
Social Security Act ◽  
European Immigrants

This chapter focuses on the Social Security Act and the disparate treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants in the administration of Social Security, Unemployment Insurance, Aid to Dependent Children, and Old Age Assistance. Though framed as legislation that would help the “average citizen,” scholars have shown that the Social Security Act in fact excluded the vast majority of blacks from the most generous social insurance programs, relegating them to meager, decentralized, and demeaning means-tested programs. European immigrants, by contrast, benefited from many of the provisions of the Social Security Act, and in at least some respects, they benefited more than even native-born whites. The net result of these policies was that blacks were disproportionately shunted into categorical assistance programs with low benefit levels, European immigrants were disproportionately covered under social insurance regardless of citizenship, and Mexicans were often shut out altogether.

scholarly journals Old, Sick, Alone, and Poor: A Welfare Analysis of Old-Age Social Insurance Programmes

2016 ◽  
pp. rdw016 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Anton Braun ◽  
Karen A. Kopecky ◽  
Tatyana Koreshkova
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Welfare Analysis

Has Social Security Policy Converged? Cross-Country Evolution of Old Age Benefits, 1890–2000

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Elu-Terán
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Pension Policy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Social Security Policy ◽  
Old Age Benefits

The extension of social insurance during the twentieth century did not translate into homogeneous pension provision. Using a new database, this article analyzes the evolution of pensions in the long run for a sample of welfare states. The convergence in old age benefits as a share of earnings is only found for all earnings levels between 1970 and 1990. The results also underline the role as determinants of pension policy of both domestic and external factors. In line with previous literature, income per capita and the share of old people are key drivers of pensions. However, the effect of globalization is negative, especially for low and medium earnings levels.

scholarly journals Current bridge deck rehabilitation practices : use and effectiveness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Ramcharitar
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Repair Operation ◽  
Bridge Rehabilitation

Approximately thirty to forty percent of all bridges across North America have some form of deterioration on them. Many organizations/agencies across North America are investing significant amounts of money on repairing and rehabilitating their bridges. The reason being, these bridges are deteriorating due to heavy use (overloading from today's oversized trucks), old age (many built in late 1950s and 1960s) and environmental and chemical attacks (deicing salt applications during the winter season). The purpose of this thesis concentrated on one area, namely bridge decks. To better understand how these organizations/agencies were dealing with bridge deck deterioration, a survey containing thirteen questions was developed and sent out throughout North America, to Department of Transportation, Ministry of Transportation, Municipalities, Bridge Authorities and Consultants. The survey was made up of six parts, each focusing on different areas during a bridge rehabilitation/repair operation. Areas looked at were: Condition Surveys, Concrete Removal, Rehabilitation Techniques, Environmental Impacts and Service Life.

scholarly journals Current bridge deck rehabilitation practices : use and effectiveness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Ramcharitar
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Repair Operation ◽  
Bridge Rehabilitation

Approximately thirty to forty percent of all bridges across North America have some form of deterioration on them. Many organizations/agencies across North America are investing significant amounts of money on repairing and rehabilitating their bridges. The reason being, these bridges are deteriorating due to heavy use (overloading from today's oversized trucks), old age (many built in late 1950s and 1960s) and environmental and chemical attacks (deicing salt applications during the winter season). The purpose of this thesis concentrated on one area, namely bridge decks. To better understand how these organizations/agencies were dealing with bridge deck deterioration, a survey containing thirteen questions was developed and sent out throughout North America, to Department of Transportation, Ministry of Transportation, Municipalities, Bridge Authorities and Consultants. The survey was made up of six parts, each focusing on different areas during a bridge rehabilitation/repair operation. Areas looked at were: Condition Surveys, Concrete Removal, Rehabilitation Techniques, Environmental Impacts and Service Life.

SUPPLEMENTARY PARENTAL BENEFIT – THE MUM 4 + PROGRAMME – EXPECTATIONS AND REALITY

2021 ◽  
Vol specjalny (XXI) ◽  
pp. 487-496
Author(s):  
Ewelina Kumor-Jezierska
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Social Security Contributions ◽  
Monetary Benefit ◽  
Social Insurance Fund ◽  
The Right ◽  
Legal Sense

In this article the regulations of the act on parental supplementary benefit of January 30, 2019 are thoroughly analysed. Supplementary parental benefit is granted to a person who gave birth to and raised or only raised at least four children and did not acquire the right to a pension or a pension paid to this person by the pension authority is smaller than the lowest pension. One is entitled to the benefit mentioned herein only in the case of not having means of subsistence because of not pursuing or discontinuing employment as a result of raising minimum four children. Supplementary parental benefit is in no way related to making social security contributions, it is a benefit financed by the state budget, which in a supplementary or substitutional way is linked to old age. In the legal sense, it is not a pension, but a special non-contributory monetary benefit of discretionary nature, which is granted only on request of the person of interest based on the administrative decision of the president of the Polish Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) or the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (KRUS).

Swiss Initiative Vote of December 3, 1922

1923 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-446
Author(s):  
Robert C. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Social Democratic Party ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Special Assessment ◽  
To Receive

On September 13, 1921, the Swiss Social-Democratic party filed an initiative petition for an amendment to the consitution, signed by 87,535 citizens, the required number being 50,000. The amendment thus proposed provided for the levy of a tax or special assessment upon property holdings in excess of 80,000 francs, the rates on personal holdings rising from 8 per cent upon the first 50,000 francs to 60 per cent upon amounts over 3,000,000 francs. Cantons and communes were to receive each 20 per cent of the amount yielded by the tax within their borders, the remaining 60 per cent going to the federation. The purpose of the tax, as officially stated, was to enable the public authorities to meet the obligations imposed by their social policies, particularly in such matters as old age, invalidity, and other forms of social insurance.

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