scholarly journals How does the change of a single data point affect the variance, and why?

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Hans Humenberger
Keyword(s):  
Single Data Point ◽  
Data Point ◽  
Single Data

Transparent modeling of influenza incidence: Big data or a single data point from psychological theory?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos ◽  
Özgür Şimşek ◽  
Marcus Buckmann ◽  
Gerd Gigerenzer
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Data Point ◽  
Single Data

scholarly journals Close Approach Astrometry: A Method for Improving Reference Systems

1991 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 319-322
Author(s):  
T. Nakamura ◽  
H. Shibasaki
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Close Approach ◽  
Angular Distance ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
Galilean Satellites ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Data Point ◽  
Single Data

AbstractFor improved establishment of the dynamical reference frame and tying it to the stellar reference frame, a method to observe close approach (CA) events between satellite and satellite and/or satellite and star is proposed here. The accuracy of measurements of angular distance is 0”.02 – 0”.03 for a single data point. We apply this technique fairly successfully to the CA events of the Galilean satellites and a preliminary orbital longitude correction to the E2X3 constants of J4 is obtained from eight CA observations ranging from 1987 to 1989.

scholarly journals Assessment of Evidential Value Requires More Than a Single Data Point

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Imhoff
Keyword(s):  
Sex Research ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Single Study ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Data Point ◽  
Single Data

A comment to Sakaluk (2020) pointing out that sex research has too many single study papers and we should thrive for a norm of multi-study investigations.

scholarly journals Effortful listening under the microscope: examining relations between pupillometric and subjective markers of effort and tiredness from listening.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronan McGarrigle ◽  
Lyndon Rakusen ◽  
Sven Mattys
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Data Point ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Multiple Time Points

Effort during listening is commonly measured using the task-evoked pupil response (TEPR); a pupillometric marker of physiological arousal. However, studies to date report no association between TEPR and perceived effort. One possible reason for this is the way in which self-report effort measures are typically administered, namely as a single data point collected at the end of a testing session. Another possible reason is that TEPR might relate more closely to the experience of tiredness from listening than to effort per se. To examine these possibilities, we conducted two pre-registered experiments that recorded subjective ratings of effort and tiredness from listening at multiple time points and examined their co-variance with TEPR over the course of listening tasks varying in levels of acoustic and attentional demand. In both experiments, we showed a within-subject association between TEPR and tiredness from listening, but no association between TEPR and effort. The data also suggest that the effect of task difficulty on the experience of tiredness from listening may go undetected using the traditional approach of collecting a single data point at the end of a listening block. Finally, this study demonstrates the utility of a novel correlation analysis technique (‘rmcorr’), which can be used to overcome statistical power constraints commonly found in the literature. Teasing apart the subjective and physiological mechanisms that underpin effortful listening is a crucial step towards addressing these difficulties in older and/or hearing-impaired individuals.

At Least Do No Harm: The Use of Scarce Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Sandroni
Keyword(s):  
Single Data Point ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
Data Point ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Scarce Data

When data is scarce, it is difficult to screen the opinions of informed and uninformed experts. In spite of this difficulty it is possible to deliver incentives for informed experts to honestly reveal their views, and for uninformed experts to do no harm to a principal in the sense that uninformed experts report the view the principal held originally (i.e., without the expert's report). This follows even if there is only a single data point to evaluate the expert's opinions and the expert's preferences over risk are unknown. (JEL D82, D86)

scholarly journals Assessment of Evidential Value Requires More than a Single Data Point

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 2755-2759
Author(s):  
Roland Imhoff
Keyword(s):  
Evidential Value ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Data Point ◽  
Single Data

scholarly journals The Surprising Creativity of Digital Evolution: A Collection of Anecdotes from the Evolutionary Computation and Artificial Life Research Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Lehman ◽  
Jeff Clune ◽  
Dusan Misevic ◽  
Christoph Adami ◽  
Lee Altenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Computation ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Digital Evolution ◽  
Evolving Systems ◽  
Digital Organisms ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Algorithmic Process

Evolution provides a creative fount of complex and subtle adaptations that often surprise the scientists who discover them. However, the creativity of evolution is not limited to the natural world: Artificial organisms evolving in computational environments have also elicited surprise and wonder from the researchers studying them. The process of evolution is an algorithmic process that transcends the substrate in which it occurs. Indeed, many researchers in the field of digital evolution can provide examples of how their evolving algorithms and organisms have creatively subverted their expectations or intentions, exposed unrecognized bugs in their code, produced unexpectedly adaptations, or engaged in behaviors and outcomes, uncannily convergent with ones found in nature. Such stories routinely reveal surprise and creativity by evolution in these digital worlds, but they rarely fit into the standard scientific narrative. Instead they are often treated as mere obstacles to be overcome, rather than results that warrant study in their own right. Bugs are fixed, experiments are refocused, and one-off surprises are collapsed into a single data point. The stories themselves are traded among researchers through oral tradition, but that mode of information transmission is inefficient and prone to error and outright loss. Moreover, the fact that these stories tend to be shared only among practitioners means that many natural scientists do not realize how interesting and lifelike digital organisms are and how natural their evolution can be. To our knowledge, no collection of such anecdotes has been published before. This article is the crowd-sourced product of researchers in the fields of artificial life and evolutionary computation who have provided first-hand accounts of such cases. It thus serves as a written, fact-checked collection of scientifically important and even entertaining stories. In doing so we also present here substantial evidence that the existence and importance of evolutionary surprises extends beyond the natural world, and may indeed be a universal property of all complex evolving systems.

scholarly journals Computational analysis of B cell receptor repertoires in COVID-19 patients using deep embedded representations of protein sequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inyoung Kim ◽  
Sang Yoon Byun ◽  
Sangyeup Kim ◽  
Sangyoon Choi ◽  
Jinsung Noh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
B Cell Receptor ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Nucleotide Insertions ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Vector Representations

Abstract Analyzing B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires is immensely useful in evaluating one’s immunological status. Conventionally, repertoire analysis methods have focused on comprehensive assessments of clonal compositions, including V(D)J segment usage, nucleotide insertions/deletions, and amino acid distributions. Here, we introduce a novel computational approach that applies deep-learning-based protein embedding techniques to analyze BCR repertoires. By selecting the most frequently occurring BCR sequences in a given repertoire and computing the sum of the vector representations of these sequences, we represent an entire repertoire as a 100-dimensional vector and eventually as a single data point in vector space. We demonstrate that this new approach enables us to not only accurately cluster BCR repertoires of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and healthy subjects but also efficiently track minute changes in immune status over time as patients undergo treatment. Furthermore, using the distributed representations, we successfully trained an XGBoost classification model that achieved a mean accuracy rate of over 87% given a repertoire of CDR3 sequences.

scholarly journals Technical Note: The effect of vertical turbulent mixing on gross O<sub>2</sub> production assessments by the triple isotopic composition of dissolved O<sub>2</sub>

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 8363-8371 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wurgaft ◽  
O. Shamir ◽  
A. Angert
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Mixing ◽  
Turbulent Flux ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Eddy Diffusivity ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Diffusivity Coefficient ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Vertical Turbulent Mixing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Single Data

Abstract. The 17O excess (17Δ) of dissolved O2 has been used, for over a decade, to estimate gross O2 production (G17OP) rates in the mixed layer (ML) in many regions of the ocean. This estimate relies on a steady-state balance of O2 fluxes, which include air–sea gas exchange, photosynthesis and respiration but notably, not turbulent mixing with O2 from the thermocline. In light of recent publications, which showed that neglecting the turbulent flux of O2 from the thermocline may lead to inaccurate G17OP estimations, we present a simple correction for the effect of this flux on ML G17OP. The correction is based on a turbulent-flux term between the thermocline and the ML, and use the difference between the ML 17Δ and that of a single data-point below the ML base. Using a numerical model and measured data we compared turbulence-corrected G17OP rates to those calculated without it, and tested the sensitivity of the GOP correction for turbulent flux of O2 from the thermocline to several parameters. The main source of uncertainty on the correction is the eddy-diffusivity coefficient, which induces an uncertainty of ∼50%. The corrected G17OP rates were 10–90% lower than the previously published uncorrected rates, which implies that a large fraction of the photosynthetic O2 in the ML is actually produced in the thermocline.

scholarly journals Boundary layer state detection using piezoelectric sensors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent L. Stuber ◽  
Marios Kotsonis ◽  
Sybrand van der Zwaag
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Separated Flow ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Layer Flow ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Naca 0012

Abstract Two piezoelectric series bimorph sensors were embedded below the skin of a NACA 0012 symmetrical airfoil to detect the local state of the boundary layer during wind tunnel testing. Small vanes piercing the airfoil skin were glued onto the bimorphs providing a mechanical coupling to the local mechanical force fluctuations imparted by the local unsteady boundary layer flow. The state of the boundary layer at the sensor sites was varied by changing the angle of attack. The objective of this work was to establish the ability of this sensor concept to accurately distinguish among typical boundary layer states such as attached laminar flow, turbulent flow and separated flow. The output of the sensor was compared to concurrent time-resolved particle image velocimetry measurements, which served as a validation technique. Using the developed sensor response envelope, a single data point time series of the piezo electrical signal was proven to be sufficient to accurately detect the boundary layer state on classical airfoils in the low Reynolds number regime. In projected future applications, single or arrays of bimorph sensors can be used to map the boundary layer of more complex or morphing shape airfoils. The fast response of the sensor can in principle be utilised in closed-loop flow control systems, aimed at drag reduction or lift enhancement.

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