SECTOR COMPLEXITY MEASURES: A COMPARISON

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Mariam Abdul Rahman ◽  
Clark Borst ◽  
Max Mulder ◽  
Rene van Paassen
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Dynamic Complexity ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
Operator Workload

In developing a more advanced human-machine systems for future Air Traffic Management (ATM) concepts requires a deep understanding of what constitutes operator workload and how taskload and sector complexity can affect it. Many efforts have been done in the past to measure and/or predict operator workload using sector complexity. However, most sector complexity metrics that include sector design are calculated according to a set of rules and subjective weightings, rendering them to be dependent of sector. This research focuses on comparing the Solution Space Diagram (SSD) method with a widely accepted complexity metric: Dynamic Density (DD). In essence, the SSD method used in this research, observed aircraft restrictions and opportunities to resolve traffic conflicts in both the speed and heading dimensions. It is hypothesized that the more area covered on the solution space, that is, the fewer options the controller has to resolve conflicts, the more difficult the task and the higher the workload experienced by the controller. To compare sector complexity measures in terms of their transferability in capturing dynamic complexity across different sectors, a human-in-the-loop experiment using two distinct sectors has been designed and conducted. Based on the experiments, it is revealed that the SSD metric has a higher correlation with the controllers' workload ratings than the number of aircraft and the un-weighted NASA DD metric. Although linear regression analysis improved the correlation between the workload ratings and the weighted DD metric as compared to the SSD metric, the DD metric proved to be more sensitive to changes in sector layout than the SSD metric. This result would indicate that the SSD metric is better able to capture controller workload than the DD metric, when tuning for a specific sector layout is not feasible. 

Dynamic Complexity Measures for Use in Complexity-Based System Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2018-2027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fischi ◽  
Roshanak Nilchiani ◽  
Jon Wade
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Dynamic Complexity ◽  
Complexity Measures

The Event Related Cortical Potential as an Index of Task Workload

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Wickens ◽  
Jack Isreal ◽  
Emanuel Donchin
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Cortical Potential ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
On Line ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
Operator Workload

This paper describes an investigation which assessed the feasibility of the event related brain potential (ERP) to provide an index of operator workload in adaptive man-machine systems. The characteristics and requirements of such systems are described and some limitations of secondary task workload measures enumerated. The results of an experiment are then presented in which ERPs were recorded from 10 subjects, while the difficulty of a concurrent tracking task was varied. Subjects performed either a one or a two dimensional compensatory tracking task, while ERP's were elicited by presenting discrete auditory stimuli. The amplitude of the P300 complex, a component of the ERP, elicited by the stimuli, decreased from the control condition (no tracking) to the tracking conditions. An ERP based measure of sequential processing of the stimuli was further affected as tracking difficulty was increased from 1 to 2 dimensions. An algorithm for obtaining an on-line ERP based measure of workload is then described.

scholarly journals Dynamic Complexity Measures: Definition and Calculation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Roberto C. Piqueira
Keyword(s):  
Information Source ◽  
Dynamical Variable ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Informational Entropy ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Dynamic Complexity ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Information

This work is a generalization of the Lopez-Ruiz, Mancini and Calbet (LMC); and Shiner, Davison and Landsberg (SDL) complexity measures, considering that the state of a system or process is represented by a dynamical variable during a certain time interval. As the two complexity measures are based on the calculation of informational entropy, an equivalent information source is defined and, as time passes, the individual information associated to the measured parameter is the seed to calculate instantaneous LMC and SDL measures. To show how the methodology works, an example with economic data is presented.

scholarly journals Uncertainty Quantification for Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Management

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 4361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hilton ◽  
Federico Cairola ◽  
Alessandro Gardi ◽  
Roberto Sabatini ◽  
Nichakorn Pongsakornsathien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Space Situational Awareness ◽  
Tracking Errors ◽  
Position Uncertainty ◽  
Management Framework ◽  
Space Objects ◽  
Resident Space Objects ◽  
Machine Systems

This paper presents a sensor-orientated approach to on-orbit position uncertainty generation and quantification for both ground-based and space-based surveillance applications. A mathematical framework based on the least squares formulation is developed to exploit real-time navigation measurements and tracking observables to provide a sound methodology that supports separation assurance and collision avoidance among Resident Space Objects (RSO). In line with the envisioned Space Situational Awareness (SSA) evolutions, the method aims to represent the navigation and tracking errors in the form of an uncertainty volume that accurately depicts the size, shape, and orientation. Simulation case studies are then conducted to verify under which sensors performance the method meets Gaussian assumptions, with a greater view to the implications that uncertainty has on the cyber-physical architecture evolutions and Cognitive Human-Machine Systems required for Space Situational Awareness and the development of a comprehensive Space Traffic Management framework.

scholarly journals RPAS Automatic ADS-B Based Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance System Real-Time Simulation Results

Drones ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Vittorio Di Vito ◽  
Giulia Torrano
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic Management ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Enabling Technologies ◽  
Time Simulation ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Collision Avoidance System ◽  
Architectural Organization

Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) are increasingly becoming relevant actors that are flying through the airspace and will gain much more importance in the future. In order to allow for their safe integration with manned conventional traffic in non-segregated airspaces, in accordance with the overall air traffic management (ATM) paradigm, specific enabling technologies are needed. As is well known, the detect and avoid (DAA) technology is fundamental among the enabling technologies identified as crucial for RPAS integration into the overall ATM system. In the meantime, to support extended surveillance, the universal introduction of cooperative automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) on-board aircraft is being increasingly implemented because it has the potential to allow for the coverage of the entire airspaces in remote areas not usually covered by conventional radar surveillance. In this paper, experimental results that were obtained through the real-time validation, with hardware and human in the loop (RTS-HIL) simulations, of an automatic ADS-B based separation assurance and collision avoidance system aimed to support RPAS automatic operations (as well as remote pilot decision making) are presented and discussed. In the paper, after an introductory outline of the concept of operations (ConOps) of the system and its architectural organization, in addition to basic information about the main system functionalities, a description of the tests that were carried out is reported, and the obtained results are described and discussed in order to emphasize the performance and limitations of the proposed system. In particular, the obtained quantitative performances are reported and commented on, and the feedback presented by pilots in order to improve the system, e.g., in terms of preferred typology of conflict resolution maneuver elaborated by the system, is described.

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