Avaliação da acurácia posicional de vértices obtidos por imagem de sensor orbital e aerofotogrametria para fins de georreferenciamento de imóveis rurais

Em sua grande maioria, o georreferenciamento de imóveis rurais tem sido realizado somente com o levantamento geodésico (LG) por meio de receptores GNSS. Porém, é possível realizá-lo por meio de imagens de satélites e imagens aerotransportadas. A utilização de imagens orbitais ou aerotransportadas pode reduzir o tempo de serviço e auxiliar em limites inacessíveis e naturais. O maior problema em realizar o georreferenciamento utilizando imagens está em atender às precisões exigidas pelo Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), em razão do imageamento ser menos preciso que o levantamento geodésico. Outra dificuldade está em identificar feições que se encontram sob matas. Entretanto, no mercado existem imagens de satélite de alta resolução espacial e também existe a possibilidade de obtenção de imagens coletadas por aeronaves remotamente pilotadas (ARP) com altíssima resolução espacial que podem atender as exigências. Deste modo este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as feições obtidas por três imagens, uma WorldView-3, uma PlanetScope e por uma ortofoto de ARP, sendo estas três comparadas e avaliadas a partir do LG por meio de receptores GNSS. Entre os conjuntos de dados utilizados o melhor resultado de acordo com a classificação normativa do INCRA foi a ortofoto gerada pelo levantamento aerofotogramétrico, pois atendeu à precisão para os vértices artificiais, naturais e vértices inacessíveis. No entanto, a imagem WorldView-3 apresentou o pior resultado na classificação, pois não atendeu nenhum dos tipos de vértices. Entre os três conjuntos de dados utilizados recomenda-se utilizar o levantamento aerofotogramétrico para realizar o georreferenciamento de imóveis rurais. Evaluation of the positional accuracy of features obtained by images of orbital sensors and airborne for georeferencing of rural propertiesA B S T R A C TConcerning methods of positioning the georeferencing of rural properties, it stands out the topographical and geodetic surveys. However, it is possible to make through remote sensing (images of orbital sensors and airborne). The use of orbital or air-bone images can reduce service time and help in inaccessible areas, such as unreachable and natural limits. The most significant difficulty of the georeferencing using images is to meet the required accuracy by the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA). However, there are high spatial resolution satellite images are now available. There is the possibility of getting the images collected by remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) with a very high spatial resolution that meets the requirements. This work aims to assess the features obtained by three images, a WorldView-3, a Planet Scope, and an RPA orthophoto. These three are being compared and evaluated from a geodetic survey and subsequently classified according to the cartographic precision standard of INCRA. The best dataset for the normative of INCRA was the orthophoto generated by RPA because it met the precision for artificial, natural vertices and inaccessible vertices. However, the WV-3 image had the worst result in the classification because it did not meet consistent accuracy to any of the vertices' types. Between the three data sets used, the one that best suits the specifications of georeferencing of rural properties were the images airborne.Key words: Remote Sensing, INCRA Rules, Aerophotogrammetric Survey, Cartographic Accuracy Standard.

Opening a New Frontier in the Study of Neolithic Settlement Patterns of Eastern Thessaly, Greece

The Innovative Geophysical Approaches for the Study of Early Agricultural Villages of Neolithic Thessaly (ARISTEIA-IGEAN) Project made an extensive use of geospatial technologies in the study of the natural environment and social dynamics of Neolithic settlements within the coastal region of eastern Thessaly, Greece. The goal of the project was to offer a broad and non-destructive remote sensing coverage of a number of Neolithic settlements to study habitation practices that were developed in various ecological niches and to document site-specific cultural and environmental characteristics. The methods and techniques used in the IGEAN project included satellite remote sensing, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), ground-based geophysical surveys exploring new generation prospection instrumentation, and soil analyses. The manifold research agenda proved to be effective for the detailed mapping of soils in which archaeological residues of past occupation reside. The full open-access geospatial data is served online at http://igean.ims.forth.gr/. The IGEAN project exposed a large degree of variation in the occupation of the landscape and the usage of space in both small and large settlements. The study was able to capture an integrated image of the habitation settings and highlight the large degree of divergence in the intra-site settlement patterns of these agrarian societies. The synthesis of the results opens up further research questions regarding early agricultural villages of Neolithic Thessaly.

Die konsequente Nutzung modernster Technologie zum Schutz unserer Soldaten

Ferngesteuerte unbemannte Luftfahrzeuge (Remotely Piloted Aircraft/RPA) die zulassungspflichtig und aufgrund der Größe, den erreichbaren Einsatzhöhen und der Zeit, die sie in einem Flug in der Luft bleiben können, der Klasse Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) zugeordnet sind, spielen in allen heutigen Einsatzgebieten eine tragende Rolle zum Schutz der Soldaten. Sie liefern 24/7-Aufklärungsergebnisse in Echtzeit und HD-Auflösung als Grundlage zur Beurteilung der Lage, der Planung von Einsätzen und zur visuellen Aufklärung in asymmetrischen Bedrohungslagen. Sie sind bereits als Aufklärungsmittel der ersten Wahl unersetzlich und könnten zukünftig auch einen unmittelbaren Schutz eigener Truppen am Boden bieten.

Soil erosion, reservoir lake infill and coastal erosion in the Mediterranean coast of southern Spain.

The combination of vigorous terrain and millenary human action has produced major changes in vegetation cover, impacting soil losses from slopes and, consequently, sediment production. Increasing focus in the management of water resources led to the widespread construction of dams to generate water flows for iron production, irrigation and to satisfy the increasing demand of the massive urban development along the Costa del Sol. To investigate the connection between soil degradation and loss and river sediment transport retention at a major dam, a first-order sediment yield prediction was established by using a GIS-based model at river basin scale. A quantitative validation of model results is provided by empirical measurements of sedimentation in the main reservoir lake of La Concepción using D_GPS/Echo sounder combination and a Remotely Piloted Aircraft compared with pre-construction blue print topography aimed at documenting spot heights where sediments accumulated or eroded over 50 years. The significant erodibility that we have estimated seems matched by potentially high sediment accumulation rates along selected profiles and spot heights across the bottom of the reservoir lake. Our study discusses that Mediterranean coastal systems may no longer stay in the resilience envelope set by a critically delicate sediment transport balance and without engineering support in the form of direct sediment feeding to the marine system by the permanent nourishment works required. Due to soil loss, sediment entrapment in reservoirs and water management policies, the coastal protection offered by the natural resilience of the beach and dune system is no longer recoverable.

The Impact of Training on Human–Autonomy Team Communications and Trust Calibration

Objective This work examines two human–autonomy team (HAT) training approaches that target communication and trust calibration to improve team effectiveness under degraded conditions. Background Human–autonomy teaming presents challenges to teamwork, some of which may be addressed through training. Factors vital to HAT performance include communication and calibrated trust. Method Thirty teams of three, including one confederate acting as an autonomous agent, received either entrainment-based coordination training, trust calibration training, or control training before executing a series of missions operating a simulated remotely piloted aircraft. Automation and autonomy failures simulating degraded conditions were injected during missions, and measures of team communication, trust, and task efficiency were collected. Results Teams receiving coordination training had higher communication anticipation ratios, took photos of targets faster, and overcame more autonomy failures. Although autonomy failures were introduced in all conditions, teams receiving the calibration training reported that their overall trust in the agent was more robust over time. However, they did not perform better than the control condition. Conclusions Training based on entrainment of communications, wherein introduction of timely information exchange through one team member has lasting effects throughout the team, was positively associated with improvements in HAT communications and performance under degraded conditions. Training that emphasized the shortcomings of the autonomous agent appeared to calibrate expectations and maintain trust. Applications Team training that includes an autonomous agent that models effective information exchange may positively impact team communication and coordination. Training that emphasizes the limitations of an autonomous agent may help calibrate trust.

IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE SÍTIOS DE REPRODUÇÃO DE AEDES AEGYPTI COM AERONAVE REMOTAMENTE PILOTADA (ARP)

Um drone e seus complementos de voo são denominados Sistema de Aeronave Remotamente Pilotada (RPAS - Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), sendo uma ferramenta com ampla gama de aplicações em diversas áreas. A pesquisa prospectou novas possibilidades de uso de RPAS com enfoque no diagnóstico e monitoramento de locais de reprodução de Aedes aegypti. Para isso, objetos considerados como potenciais criadouros de larvas de mosquito foram distribuídos em ambientes que permitiam maior ou menor detecção visual dos alvos (embalagens/recipientes) em quatro ambientes: solo coberto com gramínea seca, solo exposto, solo coberto com gramínea de porte baixo e solo coberto com gramínea de porte alto. Foi utilizado RPAS, Phantom 4 Pro com dispositivo móvel e o programa nativo da RPA para os voos. Sobrevoamos alvos para registro fotográfico em quatro alturas do solo (20m, 30m, 60m e 80m). A detecção visual dos alvos foi realizada por um grupo de 10 pessoas denominado júri. O Júri aferiu a maior ou menor probabilidade de detecção de alvos, em função de três variáveis: tipo de alvo, tipo de ambiente e altura de tomada da fotografia aérea. Fotografias obtidas a 30 metros de altura representaram o maior número de alvos identificados (30% dos alvos). Os alvos mais identificados foram pneu, garrafa PET, latas de cerveja e latas de tinta. Os menos identificados foram vasilhas plásticas coloridas e garrafas de cerveja. A pesquisa colaborou para o aperfeiçoamento de procedimentos operacionais de controle e combate a endemias e epidemias, que poderão identificar possíveis criadouros do mosquito por meio de RPA, monitorando áreas de difícil acesso que ofereçam risco a integridade física das pessoas. Palavras-chave: drone; geotecnologias; arboviroses; dengue. Identification of reproduction sites of Aedes aegypti with remote pilot aircraft (ARP) ABSTRACT: A drone and its flight accessories are called Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS - Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), being a tool with a wide range of applications in several areas. The research explored new possibilities for the use of RPAS with a focus on the diagnosis and monitoring of breeding sites for Aedes aegypti. For this, objects considered as potential breeding grounds for mosquito larvae were distributed in environments that allowed greater or lesser visual detection of targets (packages / containers) in four environments: soil covered with dry grass, exposed soil, soil covered with low grass. and soil covered with tall grass. Was used RPAS, Phantom 4 Pro with an Ipad Mini 4 mobile device and the DJI GO program for flights. We fly over targets for photographic recording at four heights from the ground (20m, 30m, 60m and 80m). The visual detection of the targets was carried out by a group of 10 people called a jury. The Jury assessed the greater or lesser probability of target detection, depending on three variables: type of target, type of environment and height of aerial photography. Photographs taken at a height of 30 meters represented the largest number of targets identified (30% of the targets). The most identified targets were tires, pet bottles, cans of beer and cans of paint. The least identified were colored plastic canisters and beer bottles. The research helped to improve operational procedures for controlling and combating endemics and epidemics, which may identify possible mosquito breeding sites through RPA, monitoring areas of difficult access that pose a risk to people's physical integrity. Keywords: drone; geotecnologies; arbovírus; dengue.