architectural organization
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Author(s):  
Ziyun Yang ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
Cheng Yang ◽  
Shiming Pu ◽  
Ziqi Guo ◽  
...  

Mitochondria are key regulators of many important cellular processes and their dysfunction has been implicated in a large number of human disorders. Importantly, mitochondrial function is tightly linked to their ultrastructure, which possesses an intricate membrane architecture defining specific submitochondrial compartments. In particular, the mitochondrial inner membrane is highly folded into membrane invaginations that are essential for oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, mitochondrial membranes are highly dynamic and undergo constant membrane remodeling during mitochondrial fusion and fission. It has remained enigmatic how these membrane curvatures are generated and maintained, and specific factors involved in these processes are largely unknown. This review focuses on the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial membrane architectural organization and factors critical for mitochondrial morphogenesis, as well as their functional link to human diseases.


Author(s):  
V. V. VOROBIOV ◽  
O.S. SHYLO

Problem statement. Humanity is inching closer to the technical possibility of establishing outer space settlements on the Moon. The space club nations have joined their potential or move ahead with their own space exploration efforts to work on outer space projects of Lunar habitats. The new Moon Race has begun with its first stage of architectural design played out on Earth. The Internet resources and research publications in printed journals suggest different approaches to lunar settlement designs, which can be explained by extreme surface conditions and configurations of the Moon, as well as various goals and objectives set by the states seeking to gain a foothold on our nearest neighbor in space. In cooperation with other nations, Ukraine participates in the exploration of the Moon. However, the global expert comunity has not yet come up with clear and unambiguous concepts of the typology of the organizational architecture for lunar settlements. The goal of this paper is to give insight into the typology of objective timeless approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements. Conclusions. Colonisation of other planets, as an immediate objective of the humankind, will begin with the exploration of the Moon, where various adaptation methods could be developed relevant to the conditions of other worlds. Nevetherless, there are some common objective factors affecting the settlements of pioneers from Earth. Thus, the need for identifying and systematising an objective typology of approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements as a condition for the subsequent colonisation of more distant planets has become important.


Author(s):  
Arkadiy Peker ◽  
Vladislav Golubov

The article discusses the features of the architectural organization of rehabilitation centers in America. The article is aimed at searching for individual design solutions for rehabilitation centers, revealing regional and climatic features that correspond to modern programs, reflect the latest trends in the design of medical facilities


2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032073
Author(s):  
Olena Berezko

Abstract The paper provides a systems analysis of the shopping mall’s social space functioning with the “black box” approach. According to this model, the main purpose of social space is to meet all customers' needs. In addition, external architectural and non-architectural factors are determined, and the means of influence are identified: architectural organization means. Thus, based on previous research, we built a detailed model of the "black box" of the social space system. In which, to meet all the needs of customers, and by the levels of design psychology needs, we formed five principles of building a shopping mall’s social space: the principle of ergonomics, the principle of organicity, the principle of social openness, the principle of harmony, and the principle of flexibility and polyfunctionality. The research results can be used in the design of new and reconstruction of existing malls and further research on this topic.


Author(s):  
V.О. Praslova ◽  

Abstract. The existing problems of emotional-figurative perception of the architectural environment of public and residential buildings and structures, on the one hand, and modern examples of practical activities with very radical ideas about the organization of the architectural environment force us to rethink the theoretical achievements of artistic design. The aim of the study is to systematize existing information about the artistic design of the architectural environment in the context of the development of the artistic image of the architectural environment, formulating the features of modern artistic approaches to organizing the public and residential architectural environment. Materials and methods. Literary and informational sources, comparative analysis, structural and logical modeling, systematization of research results, literary and informational sources, methods of experimental design. Within the framework of the study, the architectural environment a three-tier hierarchical system is considered. Four modern approaches to the artistic design of the architectural environment are proposed: critical, individual, interactive and creative. It is established that the architectural environment is perceived as a multilevel, open developing and interacting with visitors in time and space system. The artistic image of the architectural environment covers all levels of formation and connects them into a single whole. The application of the proposed modern artistic approaches is possible both separately and together. Their harmonious integration in the context of artistic design helps to create an architectural environment that evolves and changes according to the needs of visitors and their own interactive rules of perception. The argumentation of these artistic approaches provides a basis for further study of dynamic processes and prospects for the development of artistic design with the possibility of using the results of research work in the artistic design of public and residential architectural environment. Examples are given.


space&FORM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (47) ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
Denis Saenko ◽  

The article considers the peculiarities of the architectural organization of children's preschool institutions in European countries on the example of Germany and Ukraine in the 20th century. The study examines examples of architectural design of preschool institutions in the dense urban development of foreign cities, which are of particular importance for further solving of domestic problems of preschool institutions location in Ukrainian urban settlements. The considered projects demonstrate individual design decisions of kindergartens with revealing of regional features and local traditions of the countries which at the same time correspond to modern educational programs of these countries and reflect the advanced world tendencies in designing of children's preschool institutions.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4360
Author(s):  
Giorgia Montalbano ◽  
Clarissa Tomasina ◽  
Sonia Fiorilli ◽  
Sandra Camarero-Espinosa ◽  
Chiara Vitale-Brovarone ◽  
...  

The use of biomaterials and scaffolds to boost bone regeneration is increasingly gaining interest as a complementary method to the standard surgical and pharmacological treatments in case of severe injuries and pathological conditions. In this frame, the selection of biomaterials and the accurate assessment of the manufacturing procedures are considered key factors in the design of constructs able to resemble the features of the native tissue and effectively induce specific cell responses. Accordingly, composite scaffolds based on type-I-collagen can mimic the composition of bone extracellular matrix (ECM), while electrospinning technologies can be exploited to produce nanofibrous matrices to resemble its architectural organization. However, the combination of collagen and electrospinning reported several complications due to the frequent denaturation of the protein and the variability of results according to collagen origin, concentration, and solvent. In this context, the strategies optimized in this study enabled the preparation of collagen-based electrospun scaffolds characterized by about 100 nm fibers, preserving the physico-chemical properties of the protein thanks to the use of an acetic acid-based solvent. Moreover, nanoparticles of mesoporous bioactive glasses were combined with the optimized collagen formulation, proving the successful design of composite scaffolds resembling the morphological features of bone ECM at the nanoscale.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha H. Duttke ◽  
Sinem Beyhan ◽  
Rajendra Singh ◽  
Sonya E. Neal ◽  
Suganya Viriyakosol ◽  
...  

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) is an emerging endemic fungal infection with a rising incidence and an expanding geographic range. It is caused by Coccidiodes, which are thermally dimorphic fungi that grow as mycelia in soil but transition in the lung to form pathogenic spherules. The regulatory mechanisms underlying this transition are not understood. Exploiting capped small (cs)RNA-seq, which identifies actively initiated stable and unstable transcripts and thereby detects acute changes in gene regulation with remarkable sensitivity, here we report the changes in architectural organization and key sequence features underlying phase transition of this highly pathogenic fungus. Spherule transition was accompanied by large-scale transcriptional reprogramming, functional changes in transcript isoforms, and a massive increase in promoter-distal transcription of ncRNAs. Analysis of spherule-activated regulatory elements revealed a motif predicted to recruit a WOPR family transcription factor, which are known regulators of virulence in other fungi. We identify CIMG_02671 as a C. immitis WOPR homologue and show that it activates transcription in a WOPR motif-dependent manner, suggesting it is an important regulator of pathogenic phase transition. Collectively, this also highlights csRNA-seq as a powerful means to identify transcriptional mechanisms that control pathogenesis. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Horng ◽  
Johannes Stroebel ◽  
Tobias Geith ◽  
Stefan Milz ◽  
Alexandra Pacureanu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The evolution of cartilage degeneration is still not fully understood, partly due to its thinness, low radio-opacity and therefore lack of adequately resolving imaging techniques. X-ray phase-contrast imaging (X-PCI) offers increased sensitivity with respect to standard radiography and CT allowing an enhanced visibility of adjoining, low density structures with an almost histological image resolution. This study examined the feasibility of X-PCI for high-resolution (sub-) micrometer analysis of different stages in tissue degeneration of human cartilage samples and compare it to histology and transmission electron microscopy. Methods Ten 10%-formalin preserved healthy and moderately degenerated osteochondral samples, post-mortem extracted from human knee joints, were examined using four different X-PCI tomographic set-ups using synchrotron radiation the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (France) and the Swiss Light Source (Switzerland). Volumetric datasets were acquired with voxel sizes between 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 and 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 µm3. Data were reconstructed by a filtered back-projection algorithm, post-processed by ImageJ, the WEKA machine learning pixel classification tool and VGStudio max. For correlation, osteochondral samples were processed for histology and transmission electron microscopy. Results X-PCI provides a three-dimensional visualization of healthy and moderately degenerated cartilage samples down to a (sub-)cellular level with good correlation to histologic and transmission electron microscopy images. X-PCI is able to resolve the three layers and the architectural organization of cartilage including changes in chondrocyte cell morphology, chondrocyte subgroup distribution and (re-)organization as well as its subtle matrix structures. Conclusions X-PCI captures comprehensive cartilage tissue transformation in its environment and might serve as a tissue-preserving, staining-free and volumetric virtual histology tool for examining and chronicling cartilage behavior in basic research/laboratory experiments of cartilage disease evolution.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5987
Author(s):  
Atiqa Sajid ◽  
El-Nasir Lalani ◽  
Bo Chen ◽  
Teruo Hashimoto ◽  
Darren K. Griffin ◽  
...  

Three dimensional (3D) ultra-structural imaging is an important tool for unraveling the organizational structure of individual chromosomes at various stages of the cell cycle. Performing hitherto uninvestigated ultra-structural analysis of the human genome at prophase, we used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) to understand chromosomal architectural organization within 3D nuclear space. Acquired images allowed us to segment, reconstruct, and extract quantitative 3D structural information about the prophase nucleus and the preserved, intact individual chromosomes within it. Our data demonstrate that each chromosome can be identified with its homolog and classified into respective cytogenetic groups. Thereby, we present the first 3D karyotype built from the compact axial structure seen on the core of all prophase chromosomes. The chromosomes display parallel-aligned sister chromatids with familiar chromosome morphologies with no crossovers. Furthermore, the spatial positions of all 46 chromosomes revealed a pattern showing a gene density-based correlation and a neighborhood map of individual chromosomes based on their relative spatial positioning. A comprehensive picture of 3D chromosomal organization at the nanometer level in a single human lymphocyte cell is presented.


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