An Analysis System for Blade Forced Response

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Wei D. Chiang ◽  
R. E. Kielb
Keyword(s):  
Unsteady Aerodynamics ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Campbell Diagram ◽  
Inlet Distortion ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Strip Theory ◽  
Analysis System

A frequent cause of turbomachinery blade failure is excessive resonant response. The most common excitation source is the nonuniform flow field generated by inlet distortion, wakes and/or pressure disturbances from adjacent blade rows. The standard method for dealing with this problem is to avoid resonant conditions using a Campbell diagram. Unfortunately, it is impossible to avoid all resonant conditions. Therefore, judgments based on past experience are used to determine the acceptability of the blade design. A new analysis system has been developed to predict blade forced response. The system provides a design tool, over and above the standard Campbell diagram approach, for predicting potential forced response problems. The incoming excitation sources are modeled using a semi-empirical rotor wake/vortex model for wake excitation, measured data for inlet distortion, and a quasi-three-dimensional Euler code for pressure disturbances. Using these aerodynamic stimuli, and the blade’s natural frequencies and mode shapes from a finite element model, the unsteady aerodynamic modal forces and the aerodynamic damping are calculated. A modal response solution is then performed. This system has been applied to current engine designs. A recent investigation involved fan blade response due to inlet distortion. An aero mechanical test had been run with two different distortion screens. The resulting distortion entering the fan was measured. With this as input data, the predicted response agreed almost exactly with the measured response. In another application, the response of the LPT blades of a counterrotating supersonic turbine was determined. In this case the blades were excited by both a wake and a shock wave. The shock response was predicted to be three times larger than that of the wake. Thus, the system identified a new forcing function mechanism for supersonic turbines. This paper provides a basic description of the system, which includes: (1) models for the wake excitation, inlet distortion, and pressure disturbance; (2) a kernel function solution technique for unsteady aerodynamics; and (3) a modal aeroelastic solution using strip theory. Also, results of the two applications are presented.

An Analysis System for Blade Forced Response

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Wei D. Chiang ◽  
Robert E. Kielb
Keyword(s):  
Unsteady Aerodynamics ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Campbell Diagram ◽  
Inlet Distortion ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Strip Theory ◽  
Analysis System

A frequent cause of turbomachinery blade failure is excessive resonant response. The most common excitation source is the nonuniform flow field generated by inlet distortion, wakes, and/or pressure disturbances from adjacent blade rows. The standard method for dealing with this problem is to avoid resonant conditions using a Campbell diagram. Unfortunately, it is impossible to avoid all resonant conditions. Therefore, judgements based on past experience are used to determine the acceptability of a blade design. A new analysis system has been developed to predict blade forced response. The system provides a design tool, over and above the standard Campbell diagram approach, for predicting potential forced response problems. The incoming excitation sources are modeled using a semi-empirical rotor wake/vortex model for wake excitation, measured data for inlet distortion, and a quasi-3D Euler code for pressure disturbances. Using these aerodynamic stimuli, and the blade’s natural frequencies and mode shapes from a finite element model, the unsteady aerodynamic modal forces and the aerodynamic damping are calculated. A modal response solution is then performed. This system has been applied to current engine designs. A recent investigation involved fan blade response due to inlet distortion. An aeromechanical test had been run with two different distortion screens. The resulting distortion entering the fan was measured. With this as input data, the predicted response agreed almost exactly with the measured response. In another application, the response of the LPT blades of a counter-rotating supersonic turbine was determined. In this case the blades were excited by both a wake and a shock wave. The shock response was predicted to be three times larger than that of the wake. Thus, the system identified a new forcing function mechanism for supersonic turbines. This paper provides a basic description of the system, which includes: 1) models for the wake excitation, inlet distortion, and pressure disturbance; 2) a kernel function solution technique for unsteady aerodynamics; and 3) a modal aeroelastic solution using strip theory. Also, results of the two applications are presented.

A Method for Use of Cyclic Symmetry Properties in Analysis of Nonlinear Multiharmonic Vibrations of Bladed Disks

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Linear Part ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Disk Model ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
Bladed Disk ◽  
Symmetry Properties

An effective method for analysis of periodic forced response of nonlinear cyclically symmetric structures has been developed. The method allows multiharmonic forced response to be calculated for a whole bladed disk using a periodic sector model without any loss of accuracy in calculations and modeling. A rigorous proof of the validity of the reduction of the whole nonlinear structure to a sector is provided. Types of bladed disk forcing for which the method may be applied are formulated. A multiharmonic formulation and a solution technique for equations of motion have been derived for two cases of description for a linear part of the bladed disk model: (i) using sector finite element matrices and (ii) using sector mode shapes and frequencies. Calculations validating the developed method and a numerical investigation of a realistic high-pressure turbine bladed disk with shrouds have demonstrated the high efficiency of the method.

Blade Forcing Function and Aerodynamic Work Measurements in a High Speed Centrifugal Compressor With Inlet Distortion

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Kammerer ◽  
Reza S. Abhari
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Blade Surface ◽  
Centrifugal Compressors ◽  
Flow Distortion ◽  
Unsteady Pressure ◽  
Inlet Distortion ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Work Distribution

Centrifugal compressors operating at varying rotational speeds, such as in helicopters or turbochargers, can experience forced response failure modes. The response of the compressors can be triggered by aerodynamic flow non-uniformities, such as with diffuser-impeller interaction or with inlet distortions. The work presented here addresses experimental investigations of forced response in centrifugal compressors with inlet distortions. This research is part of an ongoing effort to develop related experimental techniques and to provide data for validation of computational tools. In this work measurements of blade surface pressure and aerodynamic work distribution were addressed. A series of pressure sensors were designed and installed on rotating impeller blades and simultaneous measurements with blade-mounted strain gauges were performed under engine representative conditions. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first publication which presents comprehensive experimental unsteady pressure measurements during forced response for highspeed radial compressors. Experimental data were obtained for both resonance and off-resonance conditions with uniquely tailored inlet distortion. This paper covers aspects relating to the design of fast response pressure sensors and their installation on thin impeller blades. Additionally, sensor properties are outlined with a focus on calibration and measurement uncertainty estimations. The second part of this paper presents unsteady pressure results taken for a number of inlet distortion cases. It will be shown that the intended excitation order due to inlet flow distortion is of comparable magnitude to the second and third harmonics which are consistently observed in all measurements. Finally, an experimental method will be outlined that enables the measurement aerodynamic work on the blade surface during resonant crossing. This approach quantifies the energy exchange between the blade and the flow in terms of cyclic work along the blade surface. The phase angle between the unsteady pressure and the blade movement will be shown to determine the direction of energy transfer between the blade and the fluid.

Hydro Francis Runner Stability and Forced Response Calculations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Seeley ◽  
Sunil Patil ◽  
Andy Madden ◽  
Stuart Connell ◽  
Gwenael Hauet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Symmetric Model ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Fea Model ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Cyclic Symmetric ◽  
Work Done

Abstract Hydroelectric power generation accounts for 7% of the total world electric energy production. Francis turbines are often employed in large-scale hydro projects and represent 60% of the total installed base. Outputs up to 800 MW are available and efficiencies of 95% are common. Cost, performance, and design cycle time are factors that continue to drive new designs as well as retrofits. This motivates the development of more sophisticated analysis tools to better assess runner performance earlier in the design phase. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate high fidelity and time-efficient runner damping and forced response calculations based on one-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) using loosely coupled commercial finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. The runner damping is evaluated based on the work done by the fluid on the runner. The calculation of the work first involves determining the runner mode shapes and natural frequencies using a cyclic symmetric FEA model with structural elements to represent the runner hardware, and acoustic fluid elements to represent the mass loading effect of the fluid. The mode shapes are then used in a transient CFD calculation to determine the damping which represents the work done by the fluid on the runner. Positive damping represents stability from flutter perspective while negative damping represents unstable operating conditions. A transient CFD calculation was performed on a runner to obtain engine order forcing function from upstream stationary vanes. This unsteady forcing function was mapped to the FEA model. Care is taken to account for the proper inter-blade phase angle on the cyclic symmetric model. The hydraulic damping from flutter calculations was also provided as input to the forced response. The forced response is then determined using this equivalent proportional damping and modal superposition of the FEA model that includes both the structural and acoustic elements. Results of the developed analysis procedure are presented based on the Tokke runner, that has been the basis of several studies through the Norwegian HydroPower Center. Unique features of the workflow and modeling approaches are discussed in detail. Benefits and challenges for both the FEA model and the CFD model are discussed. The importance of the hydraulic damping, that is traditionally ignored in previous analysis is discussed as well. No validation data is available for the forced response, so this paper is focused on the methodology for the calculations.

Unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation on Inlet Distortion in a Centrifugal Compressor

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Zemp ◽  
Albert Kammerer ◽  
Reza S. Abhari
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Inlet Section ◽  
Flow Distortion ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Inlet Distortion ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Unsteady Fluid

Blade failure in turbomachinery is frequently caused by an excessive resonant response. Forced response of the blades originates from unsteady fluid structure interactions as conditioned in the inlet section by duct bends, struts, or inlet guide vanes. This paper presents the computational part of a research effort that focuses on the blade forced response in a centrifugal compressor. Unsteady fluid flow simulations are used to quantify the forcing function acting on the compressor blades due to inlet flow distortion. The measured inlet flow distribution is applied as inlet boundary conditions in the computation. The unsteady investigation provided the temporal evolution of the distorted flow through the compressor. The time-resolved blade pressure distribution showed the temporal evolution of the dynamic load on the blade surface caused by the inlet distortion. The results suggest that the forcing function is most sensitive in the leading edge region due to inlet angle variations. Toward the impeller stability line the increase in incidence caused separation on the suction side of the main blade and therefore considerably altered the amplitude and the phase angle of the unsteadiness. The investigation of the effect of idealizing the inlet flow distribution on the forcing function showed an increase in the peak amplitude of approximately 30% compared with the actual inlet flow distribution.

Blade Forcing Function and Aerodynamic Work Measurements in a High Speed Centrifugal Compressor With Inlet Distortion

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Kammerer ◽  
Reza S. Abhari
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Blade Surface ◽  
Centrifugal Compressors ◽  
Flow Distortion ◽  
Unsteady Pressure ◽  
Inlet Distortion ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Work Distribution

Centrifugal compressors operating at varying rotational speeds, such as in helicopters or turbochargers, can experience forced response failure modes. The response of the compressors can be triggered by aerodynamic flow nonuniformities such as with diffuser-impeller interaction or with inlet distortions. The work presented here addresses experimental investigations of forced response in centrifugal compressors with inlet distortions. This research is part of an ongoing effort to develop related experimental techniques and to provide data for validation of computational tools. In this work, measurements of blade surface pressure and aerodynamic work distribution were addressed. A series of pressure sensors were designed and installed on rotating impeller blades and simultaneous measurements with blade-mounted strain gauges were performed under engine representative conditions. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first publication, which presents comprehensive experimental unsteady pressure measurements during forced response, for high-speed radial compressors. The experimental data were obtained for both resonance and off-resonance conditions with uniquely tailored inlet distortion. This paper covers aspects relating to the design of fast response pressure sensors and their installation on thin impeller blades. Additionally, sensor properties are outlined with a focus on calibration and measurement uncertainty estimations. The second part of this paper presents unsteady pressure results taken for a number of inlet distortion cases. It will be shown that the intended excitation order due to inlet flow distortion is of comparable magnitude to the second and third harmonics, which are consistently observed in all measurements. Finally, an experimental method will be outlined that enables the measurement of aerodynamic work on the blade surface during resonant crossing. This approach quantifies the energy exchange between the blade and the flow in terms of cyclic work along the blade surface. The phase angle between the unsteady pressure and the blade movement will be shown to determine the direction of energy transfer.

Unsteady CFD Investigation on Inlet Distortion in a Centrifugal Compressor

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Zemp ◽  
Albert Kammerer ◽  
Reza S. Abhari
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Inlet Section ◽  
Flow Distortion ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Inlet Distortion ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Unsteady Fluid

Blade failure in turbomachinery is frequently caused by an excessive resonant response. Forced response of the blades originates from unsteady fluid structure interactions as conditioned in the inlet section by duct bends, struts or inlet guide vanes. This paper presents the computational part of a research effort that focuses on the blade forced response in a centrifugal compressor. Unsteady fluid flow simulations are used to quantify the forcing function acting on the compressor blades due to inlet flow distortion. The measured inlet flow distribution is applied as inlet boundary conditions in the computation. The unsteady investigation provided the temporal evolution of the distorted flow through the compressor. The time-resolved blade pressure distribution showed the temporal evolution of the dynamic load on the blade surface caused by the inlet distortion. The results suggest that the forcing function is most sensitive in the leading edge region due to inlet angle variations. Towards the impeller stability line the increase in incidence caused separation on the suction side of the main blade and therefore considerably altered the amplitude and the phase angle of the unsteadiness. The investigation of the effect of idealizing the inlet flow distribution on the forcing function showed an increase of the peak amplitude of approximately 30% compared to the actual inlet flow distribution.

A Method for Use of Cyclic Symmetry Properties in Analysis of Nonlinear Multiharmonic Vibrations of Bladed Discs

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Linear Part ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Nonlinear Structure ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Symmetric Structures

An effective method for analysis of periodic forced response of nonlinear cyclically symmetric structures has been developed. The method allows multiharmonic forced response to be calculated for a whole bladed disc using a periodic sector model without any loss of accuracy in calculations and modelling. A rigorous proof of the validity of the reduction of the whole nonlinear structure to a sector is provided. Types of bladed disc forcing for which the method may be applied are formulated. A multiharmonic formulation and a solution technique for equations of motion have been derived for two cases of description for a linear part of the bladed disc model: (i) using sector finite element matrices; (ii) using sector mode shapes and frequencies. Calculations validating the developed method and a numerical investigation of a realistic high-pressure turbine bladed disc with shrouds have demonstrated the high efficiency of the method.

Forcing Function Effects on Rotor Periodic Aerodynamic Response

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Manwaring ◽  
S. Fleeter
Keyword(s):  
Axial Flow ◽  
Unsteady Aerodynamics ◽  
Harmonic Response ◽  
Inlet Distortion ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Blade Row ◽  
Forcing Functions ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference

A series of experiments are performed in an extensively instrumented axial flow research compressor to investigate the effects of different low reduced frequency aerodynamic forcing functions and steady loading level on the gust-generated unsteady aerodynamics of a first-stage rotor blade row. Two different two-per-rev forcing functions are considered: (1) the velocity deficit from two 90 deg circumferential inlet flow distortions, and (2) the wakes from two upstream obstructions, which are characteristic of airfoil or probe excitations. The data show that the wake-generated rotor row first harmonic response is much greater than that generated by the inlet distortion, with the difference decreasing with increased steady loading.

Combined-Simultaneous Gust and Oscillating Compressor Blade Unsteady Aerodynamics

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuk Kim Frey ◽  
Sanford Fleeter
Keyword(s):  
Superposition Principle ◽  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Unsteady Aerodynamics ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Influence Coefficient ◽  
Torsion Mode ◽  
Unsteady Aerodynamic ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Blade Row ◽  
Gust Response

Experiments are performed in a 3-stage axial flow research compressor to investigate and quantify the simultaneous-combined gust and motion induced unsteady aerodynamic response of compressor 1st stage rotor blades. The gust response unsteady aerodynamics are experimentally modeled with a 2/rev forcing function. The torsion mode unsteady aerodynamics are investigated utilizing an experimental influence coefficient technique in conjunction with a unique drive system. Combined gust and oscillating unsteady aerodynamics are obtained by superposition of the separate oscillating blade row and the gust response unsteady aerodynamics. Simultaneous gust and motion induced unsteady aerodynamic response are obtained by driving the torsion mode oscillation in the presence of the 2/Rev forcing function. The effects of steady loading are quantified, with airfoil oscillation amplitude effects also studied. The combined unsteady aerodynamics establish the applicability limitations of the superposition principle at high oscillation amplitudes and high loading. In addition, the gust-blade motion phase angle is identified as a key parameter, with the accuracy of forced response prediction and the alteration of blade row stability due to gust interaction dependent on the gust-blade motion phase.

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