Measurement of Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions From Aircraft Engines Using a Simulated Plume Aging System

Aircraft exhaust contains nonvolatile (soot) particulate matter (PM), trace gas pollutants, and volatile PM precursor material. Nonvolatile soot particles are predominantly present at the engine exit plane, but volatile PM precursors form new particles or add mass to the existing ones as the exhaust is diluted and cooled. Accurately characterizing the volatile PM mass, number, and size distribution is challenging due to this evolving nature and the impact of local ambient conditions on the gas-to-particle conversion processes. To accurately and consistently measure the aircraft PM emissions, a dilution and aging sampling system that can condense volatile precursors to particle phase to simulate the atmospheric evolution of aircraft engine exhaust has been developed. In this paper, a field demonstration of its operation is described. The dilution/aging probe system was tested using both a combustor rig and on-wing CFM56-7 engines. During the combustor rig testing at NASA Glenn Research Center, the dilution/aging probe supported formation of both nucleation/growth mode particles and soot coatings. The results showed that by increasing residence time, the nucleation particles become larger in size, increase in total mass, and decrease in number. During the on-wing CFM56-7 engine testing at Chicago Midway Airport, the dilution/aging probe was able to form soot coatings along with nucleation mode particles, unlike conventional 1-m probe engine measurements. The number concentration of nucleation particles depended on the sample fraction and relative humidity of the dilution air. The performance of the instrument is analyzed and explained using computational microphysics simulations.

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Measurement of Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions From Aircraft Engines Using a Simulated Plume Aging System

Volume 2: Combustion, Fuels and Emissions, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/gt2011-46626 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Jay Peck ◽

Michael T. Timko ◽

Zhenhong Yu ◽

Hsi-Wu Wong ◽

Scott C. Herndon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Aircraft Engine ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Sampling System ◽

Engine Exhaust ◽

Precursor Material ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions ◽

Engine Testing ◽

Volatile Precursors ◽

The Impact

Aircraft exhaust contains nonvolatile (soot) particulate matter (PM), trace gas pollutants, and volatile PM precursor material. Nonvolatile soot particles are predominantly present at the engine exit plane, but volatile PM precursors form new particles or add mass to the existing ones as the exhaust is diluted and cooled. Accurately characterizing the volatile PM mass, number, and size distribution is challenging due to this evolving nature and the impact of local ambient conditions on the gas-to-particle conversion processes. To accurately and consistently measure the aircraft PM emissions, a dilution and aging sampling system that can condense volatile precursors to particle phase to simulate atmospheric evolution of aircraft engine exhaust has been developed. In this paper, field demonstration of its operation is described. The dilution/aging probe system was tested using both a combustor rig and on-wing CFM56-7 engines. During the combustor rig testing at NASA Glenn Research Center, the dilution/aging probe supported formation of both nucleation/growth mode particles and soot coatings. The results showed that by increasing residence time, the nucleation particles become larger in size, increase in total mass, and decrease in number. During the on-wing CFM56-7 engine testing at Chicago Midway Airport, the dilution/aging probe was able to form soot coatings as well as nucleation mode particles, unlike conventional 1-m probe engine measurements. The number concentration of nucleation particles depended on sample fraction and relative humidity of the dilution air. The performance of the instrument is analyzed and explained using computational microphysics simulations.

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Assessment of Environmental Risks of Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport Based on the Emission Inventory

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11136123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 6123

Author(s):

Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽

Zdzisław Chłopek ◽

Hubert Sar ◽

Krystian Szczepański ◽

Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Legal Status ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

Road Transport ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

European Economic Area ◽

Engine Exhaust ◽

Exhaust Gases ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions

The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental hazards posed by solid particles resulting from road transport. To achieve this, a methodology used to inventory pollutant emissions was used in accordance with the recommendations of the EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Economic Area). This paper classifies particulates derived from road transport with reference to their properties and sources of origin. The legal status of environmental protection against particulate matter is presented. The emissions of particulate matter with different properties from different road transport sources is examined based on the results of Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions in the year 2018. This study was performed using areas with characteristic traffic conditions: inside and outside cities, as well as on highways and expressways. The effects of vehicles were classified according to Euro emissions standards into the categories relating to the emissions of different particulate matter types. The results obtained showed that technological progress in the automobile sector has largely contributed to a reduction in particulate matter emissions associated with engine exhaust gases, and that this has had slight effect on particulate matter emissions associated with the tribological processes of vehicles. The conclusion formed is that it is advisable to undertake work towards the control and reduction of road transport particulate matter emissions associated with the sources other than engine exhaust gases.

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Assessment of a Low-Cost Portable Proportional Exhaust Sampling System for Gravimetric Particulate Matter Emissions Measurement

Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars ◽

10.2478/mecdc-2013-0009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michal Vojtíšek ◽

Martin Pechout

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sampling System ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions

Shrnutí Částice obsažené ve výfukových plynech spalovacích motorů jsou jejich pro lidské zdraví nejvíce škodlivou složkou. Se snižující se celkovou hmotností emitovaných částic se zvyšují nároky na její měření, které vyžaduje plnoprůtočný ředicí tunnel nebo proporcionální vzorkovač s ředěním části toku s rychlou odezvou. Pro umožnění takových měření během jízdy vozidla a v méně vybavených laboratořích bylo vytvořeno nízkonákladové zařízení pro proporcionální vzorkování výfukových plynů. Zařízení využívá dvojici regulátorů hmotnostního průtoku, z nichž jeden dodává proměnlivé množství ředicího vzduchu do miniaturního ředicího tunelu, a druhý udržuje konstantní průtok směsi ředicího vzduchu a výfukových plynů přes filtr, na který jsou částice vzorkovány. Výsledky naměřené tímto systémem během dynamických jízdních cyklů jsou, po korekci systematického rozdílu, v rozmezí faktoru dvou od výsledků gravimetrické analýzy vzorků odebraných z klasického plnoprůtočného ředicího tunelu.

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Mode-specific, semi-volatile chemical composition of particulate matter emissions from a commercial gas turbine aircraft engine

Atmospheric Environment ◽

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116974 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 218 ◽

pp. 116974

Author(s):

Zhenhong Yu ◽

Michael T. Timko ◽

Scott C. Herndon ◽

Richard, C. Miake-Lye ◽

Andreas J. Beyersdorf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Gas Turbine ◽

Aircraft Engine ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions

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The MERMOSE project: Characterization of particulate matter emissions of a commercial aircraft engine

Journal of Aerosol Science ◽

10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.11.018 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 105 ◽

pp. 48-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

David Delhaye ◽

François-Xavier Ouf ◽

Daniel Ferry ◽

Ismael K. Ortega ◽

Olivier Penanhoat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Aircraft Engine ◽

Commercial Aircraft ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions

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A Study on Exhaust Gas Emission Control Technology of Marine Diesel Engine

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1804 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 864-867 ◽

pp. 1804-1809 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Song Zhou ◽

Yan Liu ◽

Jin Xi Zhou

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Research Direction ◽

Marine Diesel Engine ◽

Engine Emissions ◽

Engine Exhaust ◽

Exhaust Gas Emission ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions ◽

Marine Diesel ◽

The Impact ◽

Technical Measures

This paper introduces the impact on the marine environment caused by marine diesel engine exhaust pollution and the regulations made by IMO to control the marine diesel engine emissions. And it summarizes the main technical measures to reduce SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions from the marine diesel. It also points that the combination application of various technologies will be the research direction to reduce the emission of marine diesel engine in the future.

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Post-Combustion Evolution of Soot Properties in an Aircraft Engine

Volume 2: Turbo Expo 2005 ◽

10.1115/gt2005-69113 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Pierre M. Dakhel ◽

Stephen P. Lukachko ◽

Ian A. Waitz ◽

Richard C. Miake-Lye ◽

Robert C. Brown

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Gas Phase ◽

Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽

Aircraft Engine ◽

Vapor Condensation ◽

Gaseous Emissions ◽

Aircraft Engines ◽

Volatile Content ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions ◽

Microphysical Processes

Recent measurements have suggested that soot properties can evolve downstream of the combustor, changing the characteristics of aviation particulate matter (PM) emissions and possibly altering the subsequent atmospheric impacts. This paper addresses the potential for the post-combustion thermodynamic environment to influence aircraft non-volatile PM emissions. Microphysical processes and interactions with gas phase species have been modeled for temperatures and pressures representative of in-service engines. Time-scale arguments are used to evaluate the relative contributions that various phenomena may make to the evolution of soot, including coagulation growth, ion-soot attachment, and vapor condensation. Then a higher-fidelity microphysics kinetic is employed to estimate the extent to which soot properties evolve as a result of these processes. Results suggest that limited opportunities exist for the modification of the size distribution of the soot, its charge distribution, or its volatile content, leading to the conclusion that the characteristics of the turbine and nozzle of an aircraft engine have little or no influence on aircraft non-volatile emissions. Combustor processing determines the properties of soot particulate matter emissions from aircraft engines, setting the stage for interactions with gaseous emissions and development as cloud condensation nuclei in the exhaust plume.

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A review of particulate matter emissions and impacts on human health: A focus on Canadian agricultural and rural emission sources

Canadian Biosystems Engineering ◽

10.7451/cbe.2018.60.6.9 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 6.09-6.21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jennifer Spencer ◽

Bill Van Heyst

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Human Health ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

World Health ◽

Health Impacts ◽

Inorganic Aerosols ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

Particulate matter (PM) has been documented in an increasing number of research studies as having a known or suspected negative impact on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.1 million deaths were caused by ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 2010. While many Canadian studies focus on health impacts from PM2.5, there is a gap with respect to rural sourced PM2.5 and health impacts in these areas. This paper reviews the impact PM2.5 has on Canadians’ health, investigates where PM2.5 data is being gathered, and outlines the sources of PM2.5 reported. Secondary inorganic aerosols that are formed in and around animal production facilities due to the higher prevalence of ammonia gas is of particular interest. The conclusion drawn is that the reporting and gathering of rural sourced PM2.5 data is lacking, leading to a gap in the data used to determine the impacts on Canadian human health.

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Comparative Study on Various Methods for Measuring Engine Particulate Matter Emissions

10.31224/osf.io/8p4zj ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Z. Gerald Liu ◽

Devin R. Berg ◽

James J. Schauer‡

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Mass Measurement ◽

Chemical Species ◽

Measurement Methods ◽

Particulate Emissions ◽

Engine Exhaust ◽

Particulate Emission ◽

Low Emission ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions ◽

Particulate Mass

Studies have shown that there are a significant number of chemical species present in engine exhaust particulate matter emissions. Additionally, the majority of current world-wide regulatory methods for measuring engine particulate emissions are gravimetrically based. As modern engines produce increasingly lower particulate mass emissions, these methods become less and less stable and have high levels of measurement uncertainty. In this study, a characterization of mass emissions from engines with a range of particulate emission levels was made in order to gain a better understanding of the variability and uncertainty associated with common mass measurement methods, as well as how well these methods compare with each other. Two gravimetric mass measurement methods and a reconstructed mass method were analyzed as part of the present study. The results have shown that each of the mass measurement methods analyzed compare well at higher emission levels, but show significant disparity at the ultra-low emission levels commonly seen from modern diesel engines. Additionally, at ultra-low emission the uncertainty in the measurement becomes large, thus reducing confidence in the accuracy of the measurement. Based upon these findings, it would be difficult to justify a comparison between any two gravimetric measurement methods and it may be more appropriate to perform a reconstruction of the particulate mass due to a lower susceptibility to measurement error.

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