scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Geometry of the Human Carotid Artery

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Kamenskiy ◽  
Jason N. MacTaggart ◽  
Iraklis I. Pipinos ◽  
Jai Bikhchandani ◽  
Yuris A. Dzenis
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geometrical Features ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Artery Geometry

Accurate characterization of carotid artery geometry is vital to our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions based on medical imaging are now ubiquitous; however, mean carotid artery geometry has not yet been comprehensively characterized. The goal of this work was to build and study such geometry based on data from 16 male patients with severe carotid artery disease. Results of computerized tomography angiography were used to analyze the cross-sectional images implementing a semiautomated segmentation algorithm. Extracted data were used to reconstruct the mean three-dimensional geometry and to determine average values and variability of bifurcation and planarity angles, diameters and cross-sectional areas. Contrary to simplified carotid geometry typically depicted and used, our mean artery was tortuous exhibiting nonplanarity and complex curvature and torsion variations. The bifurcation angle was 36 deg ± 11 deg if measured using arterial centerlines and 15 deg ± 14 deg if measured between the walls of the carotid bifurcation branches. The average planarity angle was 11 deg ± 10 deg. Both bifurcation and planarity angles were substantially smaller than values reported in most studies. Cross sections were elliptical, with an average ratio of semimajor to semiminor axes of 1.2. The cross-sectional area increased twofold in the bulb compared to the proximal common, but then decreased 1.5-fold for the combined area of distal internal and external carotid artery. Inter-patient variability was substantial, especially in the bulb region; however, some common geometrical features were observed in most patients. Obtained quantitative data on the mean carotid artery geometry and its variability among patients with severe carotid artery disease can be used by biomedical engineers and biomechanics vascular modelers in their studies of carotid pathophysiology, and by endovascular device and materials manufacturers interested in the mean geometrical features of the artery to target the broad patient population.

scholarly journals Morphometric and hemodynamic analysis of atherosclerotic progression in human carotid artery bifurcations

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (5) ◽  
pp. H639-H647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Huang ◽  
Xiaoping Yin ◽  
Yingjin Xu ◽  
Xinwei Jia ◽  
Jianhui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Carotid Artery Bifurcation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Artery Disease

Although atherosclerosis has been widely investigated at carotid artery bifurcation, there is a lack of morphometric and hemodynamic data at different stages of the disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the lesion difference in patients with carotid artery disease compared with healthy control subjects. The three-dimensional (3D) geometry of carotid artery bifurcation was reconstructed from computed tomography angiography (CTA) images of Chinese control subjects ( n = 30) and patients with carotid artery disease ( n = 30). We defined two novel vector angles (i.e., angles 1 and 2) that were tangential to the reconstructed contour of the 3D vessel. The best-fit diameter was computed along the internal carotid artery (ICA) center line. Hemodynamic analysis was performed at various bifurcations. Patients with stenotic vessels have larger angles 1 and 2 (151 ± 11° and 42 ± 20°) and smaller diameters of the external carotid artery (ECA) (4.6 ± 0.85 mm) compared with control subjects (144 ± 13° and 36 ± 16°, 5.2 ± 0.57 mm) although there is no significant difference in the common carotid artery (CCA) (7.1 ± 1.2 vs. 7.5 ± 1.0 mm, P = 0.18). In particular, all patients with carotid artery disease have a stenosis at the proximal ICA (including both sinus and carina regions), while 20% of patients have stenosis at the middle ICA and 20% have stenosis expansion to the entire cervical ICA. Morphometric and hemodynamic analyses suggest that atherosclerotic plaques initiate at both sinus and carina regions of ICA and progress downstream.

scholarly journals Variations in the Presence of Carotid Intraplaque Hemorrhage Across Age Categories: What Age Groups Are Most Likely to Benefit From Plaque Imaging?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Larson ◽  
John C. Benson ◽  
Waleed Brinjikji ◽  
Luis Savastano ◽  
Giuseppe Lanzino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intraplaque Hemorrhage ◽  
Plaque Imaging ◽  
Anterior Circulation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Cerebral Ischemic ◽  
Ischemic Events

Although carotid artery intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is a known risk-factor for cerebral ischemic events in patients of advanced age, its prevalence in younger cohorts is less certain. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of carotid artery IPH across the age spectrum. A retrospective review was completed of all adult patients from our institution who underwent neck MRA with high-resolution carotid plaque imaging between 2017 and 2020. The mean ages of patients with and without IPH were calculated. The prevalence of IPH was compared between patients that were categorized into age groups. Patients with and without a cerebral ischemic event (e.g., stroke, retinal ischemia) were included. Unilateral anterior circulation ischemic events in patients without atrial fibrillation were presumed to be likely related to ipsilateral carotid artery disease. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine independent associations with IPH. 634 patients were included (1,268 carotid arteries). Increasing age (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02–1.06; P = 0.001) was independently associated with IPH. 211 patients had unilateral anterior circulation ischemic events. The mean age of patients with carotid IPH was 71.4 years (SD = 9.9), compared to 62.8 years (SD = 15.8) of those without (P ≤ 0.0001). The prevalence of IPH increased with age in all patients (P = 0.0002). Among patients with ipsilateral anterior circulation ischemic events, each age category above 50 years had a significantly higher prevalence of IPH when compared to patients 18–50 years (P ≤ 0.05 for all comparisons). The prevalence of carotid IPH increases with age and is rare in patients under 50 years. The approximate threshold age for IPH development is likely around 50 years.

Endovascular Repair of External Carotid Artery Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
George N. Kouvelos ◽  
Andreas C. Koutsoumpelis ◽  
Chris Klonaris ◽  
Miltiadis I. Matsagkas
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Endovascular Repair ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Artery Disease

Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Gadolinium-Enhanced MR Angiography in the Assessment of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 175 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Serfaty ◽  
P. Chirossel ◽  
J. M. Chevallier ◽  
R. Ecochard ◽  
J. C. Froment ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Mr Angiography ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Extracranial Carotid Artery ◽  
Artery Disease

Three-dimensional power Doppler sonography in screening for carotid artery disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Keberle ◽  
Manfred Jenett ◽  
Matthias Beissert ◽  
Roland Jahns ◽  
Rainer Haerten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Doppler Sonography ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Power Doppler ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Power Doppler Sonography ◽  
Artery Disease

Carotid Bifurcation Geometry and Atherosclerosis

Angiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Spanos ◽  
Glykeria Petrocheilou ◽  
Christos Karathanos ◽  
Nicos Labropoulos ◽  
Dimitri Mikhailidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Future Research ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Artery Disease

Hemodynamic changes occurring at the initial segments of the arterial bifurcations appear to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, arterial geometry might be a potential marker for atherosclerosis. Considerable evidence suggests that geometry can influence local hemodynamics at the carotid bifurcation contributing to the development of atheroma. Bifurcation angle, differences in the area ratios including the flare, proximal curvature, sinus bulb width, and tortuosity of the internal or external carotid artery have been listed as potential contributory elements. These morphometric details have been studied not only in postmortem examination but also with the help of imaging modalities such as ultrasound, digital subtraction angiography, computed tomography angiography, and the assistance of computational models and magnetic resonance angiography. The establishment of certain anatomical and geometrical details in addition to traditional risk factors may help in the identification of patients at high risk of developing carotid artery disease. We reviewed the literature to highlight the evidence on the importance of various geometrical details in the development of carotid atheroma and to suggest areas of future research.

scholarly journals The comparative evaluation of three-dimensional magnetic resonance for carotid artery disease

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald K. Wilkerson ◽  
Irwin Keller ◽  
Reuben Mezrich ◽  
William B. Schroder ◽  
David Sebok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Artery Disease
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