The Effect of a Meter-Diffuser Offset on Shaped Film Cooling Hole Adiabatic Effectiveness

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Haydt ◽  
Stephen Lynch ◽  
Scott Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Adiabatic Effectiveness ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Shaped film cooling holes are used extensively in gas turbines to reduce component temperatures. These holes generally consist of a metering section through the material and a diffuser to spread coolant over the surface. These two hole features are created separately using electrical discharge machining (EDM), and occasionally, an offset can occur between the meter and diffuser due to misalignment. The current study examines the potential impact of this manufacturing defect to the film cooling effectiveness for a well-characterized shaped hole known as the 7-7-7 hole. Five meter-diffuser offset directions and two offset sizes were examined, both computationally and experimentally. Adiabatic effectiveness measurements were obtained at a density ratio of 1.2 and blowing ratios ranging from 0.5 to 3. The detriment in cooling relative to the baseline 7-7-7 hole was worst when the diffuser was shifted upstream (aft meter-diffuser offset), and least when the diffuser was shifted downstream (fore meter-diffuser offset). At some blowing ratios and offset sizes, the fore meter-diffuser offset resulted in slightly higher adiabatic effectiveness than the baseline hole, due to a reduction in the high-momentum region of the coolant jet caused by a separation region created inside the hole by the fore meter-diffuser offset. Steady Reynolds-averaging Navier–Stokes (RANS) predictions did not accurately capture the levels of adiabatic effectiveness or the trend in the offsets, but it did predict the fore offset's improved performance.

The Effect of a Meter-Diffuser Offset on Shaped Film Cooling Hole Adiabatic Effectiveness

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Haydt ◽  
Stephen Lynch ◽  
Scott Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Adiabatic Effectiveness ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Shaped film cooling holes are used extensively in gas turbines to reduce component temperatures. These holes generally consist of a metering section through the material and a diffuser to spread coolant over the surface. These two hole features are created separately using electrical discharge machining, and occasionally an offset can occur between the meter and diffuser due to misalignment. The current study examines the potential impact of this manufacturing defect to the film cooling effectiveness for a well-characterized shaped hole known as the 7-7-7 hole. Five meter-diffuser offset directions and two offset sizes were examined, both computationally and experimentally. Adiabatic effectiveness measurements were obtained at a density ratio of 1.2 and blowing ratios ranging from 0.5 to 3. The detriment in cooling relative to the baseline 7-7-7 hole was worst when the diffuser was shifted upstream (aft meter-diffuser offset), and least when the diffuser was shifted downstream (fore meter-diffuser offset). At some blowing ratios and offset sizes, the fore meter-diffuser offset resulted in slightly higher adiabatic effectiveness than the baseline hole, due to a reduction in the high-momentum region of the coolant jet caused by a separation region created inside the hole by the fore meter-diffuser offset. Steady RANS predictions did not accurately capture the levels of adiabatic effectiveness or the trend in the offsets, but it did predict the fore offset’s improved performance.

scholarly journals Entrance Effects on Diffused Film-Cooling Holes

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kohli ◽  
K. A. Thole
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Supply Channel ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Film-cooling is a widely used method of prolonging blade life in high performance gas turbines and is implemented by injecting cold air through discrete holes on the blade surface. Most experimental research on film-cooling has been performed using round holes supplied by a stagnant plenum. This can be quite different from the actual turbine blade conditions in that a crossflow may be present whereby the internal channel Reynolds number could be as high as 90,000. This computational study uses a film-cooling hole that is inclined at 35° with respect to the mainstream and is diffused at the hole exit by 15°. An engine representative jet-to-mainstream density ratio of two was simulated. The test matrix consisted of fourteen different cases that were simulated for the two different blowing ratios in which the following effects were investigated: a) the effect of the orientation of the coolant supply channel relative to the cooling hole, b) the effect of the channel Reynolds number, and c) the effect of the metering length of the cooling hole. Results showed that the orientation of the coolant supply had a large effect whereby the worst orientation, in terms of a reduced adiabatic effectiveness, was predicted when the channel supplying the cooling hole was perpendicular to the mainstream. For this particular orientation, higher laterally averaged effectiveness occurred at lower channel Reynolds numbers and with the hole having a short metering length.

Implementation of Hole-Pair in Ramp to Improve Film Cooling Effectiveness on a Plain Surface

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadam Hussain ◽  
Xin Yan
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Hole Pair ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Plain Surface

Abstract Film cooling is one of the most critical technologies in modern gas turbine engine to protect the high temperature components from erosion. It allows gas turbines to operate above the thermal limits of blade materials by providing the protective cooling film layer on outer surfaces of blade against hot gases. To get a higher film cooling effect on plain surface, current study proposes a novel strategy with the implementation of hole-pair into ramp. To gain the film cooling effectiveness on the plain surface, RANS equations combined with k-ω turbulence model were solved with the commercial CFD solver ANSYS CFX11.0. In the numerical simulations, the density ratio (DR) is fixed at 1.6, and the film cooling effect on plain surface with different configurations (i.e. with only cooling hole, with only ramp, and with hole-pair in ramp) were numerically investigated at three blowing ratios M = 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75. The results show that the configuration with Hole-Pair in Ramp (HPR) upstream the cooling hole has a positive effect on film cooling enhancement on plain surface, especially along the spanwise direction. Compared with the baseline configuration, i.e. plain surface with cylindrical hole, the laterally-averaged film cooling effectiveness on plain surface with HPR is increased by 18%, while the laterally-averaged film cooling effectiveness on plain surface with only ramp is increased by 8% at M = 0.5. As the blowing ratio M increases from 0.25 to 0.75, the laterally-averaged film cooling effectiveness on plain surface with HPR is kept on increasing. At higher blowing ratio M = 0.75, film cooling effectiveness on plain surface with HPR is about 19% higher than the configuration with only ramp.

Film Cooling Measurements for a Laidback Fan-Shaped Hole: Effect of Coolant Crossflow on Cooling Effectiveness and Heat Transfer

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Fraas ◽  
Tobias Glasenapp ◽  
Achmed Schulz ◽  
Hans-Jörg Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Coolant Flow ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Internal coolant passages of gas turbine vanes and blades have various orientations relative to the external hot gas flow. As a consequence, the inflow of film cooling holes varies as well. To further identify the influencing parameters of film cooling under varying inflow conditions, the present paper provides detailed experimental data. The generic study is performed in a novel test rig, which enables compliance with all relevant similarity parameters including density ratio. Film cooling effectiveness as well as heat transfer of a 10–10–10 deg laidback fan-shaped cooling hole is discussed. Data are processed and presented over 50 hole diameters downstream of the cooling hole exit. First, the parallel coolant flow setup is discussed. Subsequently, it is compared to a perpendicular coolant flow setup at a moderate coolant channel Reynolds number. For the perpendicular coolant flow, asymmetric flow separation in the diffuser occurs and leads to a reduction of film cooling effectiveness. For a higher coolant channel Reynolds number and perpendicular coolant flow, asymmetry increases and cooling effectiveness is further decreased. An increase in blowing ratio does not lead to a significant increase in cooling effectiveness. For all cases investigated, heat transfer augmentation due to film cooling is observed. Heat transfer is highest in the near-hole region and decreases further downstream. Results prove that coolant flow orientation has a severe impact on both parameters.

Enhanced Film Cooling Effectiveness With Surface Trenches

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vighneswara Rao ◽  
Jong S. Liu ◽  
Daniel C. Crites ◽  
Luis A. Tapia ◽  
Malak F. Malak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Airfoil Surface ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Ansys Cfx ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

In this study, cylindrical and fan shaped film cooling holes are evaluated on the blade surface numerically, using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool ANSYS-CFX, with the objective of improving cooling effectiveness by understanding the flow pattern at the cooling hole exit. The coolant flow rates are adjusted for blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0 & 1.5 (momentum flux ratios of 0.125, 0.5 & 1.125 respectively). The density ratio is maintained at 2.0. New shaped holes viz. straight, concave and convex trench holes are introduced and are evaluated under similar operating conditions. Results are presented in terms of surface temperatures and adiabatic effectiveness at three different blowing ratios for the different film cooling hole shapes analyzed. Comparison is made with reference to the fan shaped film cooling hole to bring out relative merits of different shapes. The new trench holes improved the film cooling effectiveness by allowing more residence time for coolant to spread laterally while directing smoothly onto the airfoil surface. While convex trench improved the centre-line effectiveness, straight trench improved the laterally-averaged and overall effectiveness at all blowing ratios. Concave trench improved the effectiveness at blowing ratios 0.5 and 1.0.

Influence of Hole Inlet Geometry on the Film Cooling Effectiveness From Shaped Film Cooling Holes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis B. Watson ◽  
Kyle R. Vinton ◽  
Lesley M. Wright ◽  
Daniel C. Crites ◽  
Mark C. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Pressure Sensitive Paint ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Inlet Geometry ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Abstract The effect of film cooling hole inlet geometry is experimentally investigated in this study. Detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions are obtained on a flat plate using Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP). The inlet of a traditional 12°-12°-12°, laidback, fanshaped hole varies from a traditional “round” opening to an oblong, racetrack shaped opening. In this study, a single racetrack inlet with an aspect ratio of 2:1 is compared to the round inlet. For both designs, the holes are inclined at θ = 30° relative to the mainstream. Blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 are considered as the coolant–to–mainstream density ratio varies between 1.0 and 4.0. For all cases, the freestream turbulence intensity is maintained at 7.5%. With the introduction of the racetrack shaped inlet, the coolant spreads laterally across the diffuse, laidback fanshaped outlet. The centerline film cooling effectiveness is reduced with the enhanced lateral spread of the coolant. However, the benefit of the shaped inlet is also observed with an increase in the area averaged film cooling effectiveness, compared to the traditional round inlet. Not only does the shaped inlet promote spreading of the coolant, it is also believed the racetrack shape suppresses turbulence within the hole allowing for enhanced film cooling protection near the film cooling holes.

Flowfield of a Shaped Film Cooling Hole Over a Range of Compound Angles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Haydt ◽  
Stephen Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Streamwise Vortex ◽  
Streamwise Direction ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes ◽  
Compound Angle ◽  
Large Compound ◽  
Hole Interaction

Film cooling holes are a well-established cooling technique used in gas turbines to keep component metal temperatures in an acceptable range. A streamwise-oriented film cooling hole creates a symmetric counter-rotating vortex pair (CRVP) due to the jet interaction with the crossflow. As the orientation of the film cooling hole is incrementally misaligned with the streamwise direction (known as a compound angle), one of the vortices in the CRVP gains strength at the expense of the other until there is a single streamwise vortex that dominates the flowfield. This vortex diffuses the coolant jet and impinges hot gas onto the surface, which can augment heat transfer coefficients in a region uncovered by coolant. Although this has been well studied for cylindrical holes, there is less understanding about the nature of this phenomenon for shaped holes, which are intended to diffuse coolant laterally to minimize flowfield interaction. In the present study, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the flowfield of compound angled shaped film cooling holes at several downstream planes normal to the streamwise direction. Five compound angled 7-7-7 holes were tested, from a streamwise oriented hole (0° compound angle) to a 60° compound angle hole, in increments of 15°. All cases were tested at a density ratio of 1.0 and blowing ratios ranging from 1.0 to 4.0. Experimental data shows that the circulation increases as compound angle increases because the flowfield transitions from a CRVP to a single streamwise vortex. For large compound angles, the streamwise vortex lifts the core of the jet off of the surface, isolating the coolant from the endwall. Measurements also indicate hole-to-hole interaction downstream for cases with high blowing ratio and large compound angle. Flowfield results are compared with adiabatic effectiveness results from a companion study in order to explain hole-to-hole interaction trends.

Improved Film Cooling Effectiveness by Placing a Vortex Generator Downstream of Each Hole

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Rigby ◽  
James D. Heidmann
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vortex Generator ◽  
Vortex Pair ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Freestream Velocity ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Cooling Hole

Calculations are presented demonstrating the effect of placing a delta vortex generator downstream of a film cooling hole. The effects of blowing ratio, density ratio, and spanwise pitch are included in the study. Flow over a flat plate with film cooling holes oriented at a 30 degree angle was investigated. The Reynolds numbers based on the freestream velocity and the hole diameter was 11,300. The simulation was performed using the Glenn-HT code, a full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver using the Wilcox k-ω turbulence model. A structured multi-block grid was used with approximately one million cells, and average y+ values on the order of unity. Local and span averaged effectiveness are presented. Analysis and visualization of the flow are presented as well as a discussion on the mechanisms which contribute to the dramatic improvement in effectiveness. The results demonstrate that the delta vortex generator was able to annihilate the up-wash vortex pair produced by the film hole and produce a down-wash pair downstream.

Recent Advances in the Study of High Efficiency Novel Film Cooling Holes

2013 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 830-835
Author(s):  
Ping Dai ◽  
Nai Yun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Film Cooling Holes ◽  
Air Film

The development of a new generation of high performance aircraft turbine jet engine desires gas turbines to be operated at very high rotor inlet gas temperatures. This brings a problem on the effective cooling of turbine blades. Up to now, modified film cooling is still an effective cooling technique. The influence of air-film hole structures on the air-film cooling efficiency cant be ignored. A survey of the research results concerning novel air-film cooling hole about home and abroad were given and high efficiency crescent air-film hole geometry was put forward. Through a comparative study of film cooling characteristic with cylindrical air-film hole and forward diffused air-film hole and crescent air-film hole found effectiveness of the crescent air-film hole was superior to other air-film holes in various blowing ratios. The crescent air-film hole could greatly reduce the kidney vortex intensity, and then enhanced the air-film cooling effectiveness.

The Effect of Rib Turbulators on Film Cooling Effectiveness of Round Compound Angle Holes Fed by an Internal Cross-Flow

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean R. Klavetter ◽  
John W. McClintic ◽  
David G. Bogard ◽  
Jason E. Dees ◽  
Gregory M. Laskowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Rib Turbulators ◽  
Adiabatic Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Holes ◽  
Compound Angle

Early stage gas turbine blades feature complicated internal geometries in order to enhance internal heat transfer and to supply coolant for film cooling. Most film cooling experiments decouple the effect of internal coolant feed from external film cooling effectiveness, even though engine parts are commonly fed by cross-flow and feature internal rib turbulators which can affect film cooling. Experiments measuring adiabatic effectiveness were conducted to investigate the effects of turbulated perpendicular cross-flow on a row of 45 deg compound angle cylindrical film cooling holes for a total of eight internal rib configurations. The ribs were angled to the direction of prevailing internal cross-flow at two different angles: 45 deg or 135 deg. The ribs were also positioned at two different spanwise locations relative to the cooling holes: in the middle of the cooling hole pitch and slightly intersecting the holes. Experiments were conducted at a density ratio of DR = 1.5 for a range of blowing ratios including M = 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. This study demonstrates that peak effectiveness can be attained through the optimization of cross-flow direction relative to the compound angle direction and rib configuration, verifying the importance of hole inlet conditions in film cooling experiments. It was found that ribs tend to reduce adiabatic effectiveness relative to a baseline, smooth-walled configuration. Rib configurations that directed the internal coolant forward in the direction of the mainstream resulted in higher peak adiabatic effectiveness. However, no other parameters could consistently be identified correlating to increased film cooling performance. It is likely that a combination of factors is responsible for influencing performance, including internal local pressure caused by the ribs, the internal channel flow field, in-hole vortices, and jet exit velocity profiles. This study also attempted to replicate the possibility that film cooling holes may intersect ribs and found that a hole which partially intersects a rib still maintains moderate levels of effectiveness.

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