Extension of Fuel Flexibility by Combining Intelligent Control Methods for Siemens SGT-400 Dry Low Emission Combustion System

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Liu ◽  
Phill Hubbard ◽  
Suresh Sadasivuni ◽  
Ghenadie Bulat
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine ◽  
The Impact

Extension of gas fuel flexibility of a current production SGT-400 industrial gas turbine combustor system is reported in this paper. A SGT-400 engine with hybrid combustion system configuration to meet a customer's specific requirements was string tested. This engine was tested with the gas turbine package driver unit and the gas compressor-driven unit to operate on and switch between three different fuels with temperature-corrected Wobbe index (TCWI) varying between 45 MJ/m3, 38 MJ/m3, and 30 MJ/m3. The alteration of fuel heating value was achieved by injection or withdrawal of N2 into or from the fuel system. The results show that the engine can maintain stable operation on and switching between these three different fuels with fast changeover rate of the heating value greater than 10% per minute without shutdown or change in load condition. High-pressure rig tests were carried out to demonstrate the capabilities of the combustion system at engine operating conditions across a wide range of ambient conditions. Variations of the fuel heating value, with Wobbe index (WI) of 30 MJ/Sm3, 33 MJ/Sm3, 35 MJ/Sm3, and 45 MJ/Sm3 (natural gas, NG) at standard conditions, were achieved by blending NG with CO2 as diluent. Emissions, combustion dynamics, fuel pressure, and flashback monitoring via measurement of burner metal temperatures, were the main parameters used to evaluate the impact of fuel flexibility on combustor performance. Test results show that NOx emissions decrease as the fuel heating value is reduced. Also note that a decreasing fuel heating value leads to a requirement to increase the fuel supply pressure. Effect of fuel heating value on combustion was investigated, and the reduction in adiabatic flame temperature and laminar flame speed was observed for lower heating value fuels. The successful development program has increased the capability of the SGT-400 standard production dry low emissions (DLE) burner configuration to operate with a range of fuels covering a WI corrected to the normal conditions from 30 MJ/N·m3 to 49 MJ/N·m3. The tests results obtained on the Siemens SGT-400 combustion system provide significant experience for industrial gas turbine burner design for fuel flexibility.

Extension of Fuel Flexibility in the Siemens Dry Low Emissions SGT-300-1S to Cover a Wobbe Index Range of 15 to 49 MJ/m3

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Liu ◽  
Varkey Alexander ◽  
Victoria Sanderson ◽  
Ghenadie Bulat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Fuel Supply ◽  
Supply Pressure ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Standard Production

The extension of gas fuel flexibility in the Siemens SGT-300 single shaft (SGT-300-1S) is reported in this paper. A successful development programme has increased the capability of the Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery, Lincoln (SITL) dry low emissions (DLE) burner configuration to a fuel range covering a Wobbe Index (WI) from 15 to 49 MJ/m3. The standard SGT-300-1S SITL DLE combustion hardware allowed for gas and liquid fuels within a specified range typically associated with natural gas and diesel, respectively. Field operation of the standard production SGT-300-1S has confirmed the reliable operation with an extension to the fuels range to include processed land fill gas (PLG) from 32 to 49 MJ/m3. The further extension of the fuel range for the SGT-300-1S SITL DLE combustion system was achieved through high pressure testing of a single combustion system at engine operating conditions. The rig facility allowed for the actual fuel type to be tested using a mixing plant. The variations in fuel heating value were achieved by blending natural gas with diluent CO2 and/or N2. Various diagnostics were used to assess the performance of the combustion system including measurement of combustion dynamics, temperature, fuel supply pressure and emissions of NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC). The results of the testing showed that the standard production burner can operate for a fuel with WI as low as 23 MJ/m3 which corresponds to 35% CO2 (in volume) in the fuel. This range can be extended to 15 MJ/m3 (54.5% CO2 in the fuel) with only minor modification, to control losses through the burner and to maintain similar fuel injection characteristics. The SITL DLE combustion system is able to cover a WI range of 15 to 49 MJ/m3 in two configurations. The results of testing showed a lowering in WI, from diluting with CO2 and/or N2, a benefit in NOx reduction is observed. This decrease in WI may lead to an increased requirement in fuel supply pressure.

Effect of Change in Fuel Compositions and Heating Value on Ignition and Performance for Siemens SGT-400 Dry Low Emission Combustion System

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Liu ◽  
Pete Martin ◽  
Victoria Sanderson ◽  
Phill Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Burner Design ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

The influence of changes in fuel composition and heating value on the performance of an industrial gas turbine combustor was investigated. The combustor tested was a single cannular combustor for Siemens SGT-400 13.4 MW dry low emission engine. Ignition, engine starting, emissions, combustion dynamics, and flash back through burner metal temperature monitoring were among the parameters investigated to evaluate the impact of fuel flexibility on combustor performance. Lean ignition and extinction limits were measured for three fuels with different heat values in term of Wobbe Index (WI): 25, 28.9, and 45 MJ/Sm3 (natural gas). The test results show that the air fuel ratio at lean ignition/extinction limits decreases and the margin between the two limits tends to be smaller as fuel heat value decreases. Engine start tests were also performed with a lower heating value fuel and results were found to be comparable to those for engine starting with natural gas. The combustor was further tested in a high pressure air facility at real engine operating conditions with different fuels covering WIs from 17.5 to 70 MJ/Sm3. The variation in fuel composition and heating value was achieved in a gas mixing plant by blending natural gas with CO2, CO, N2, and H2 (for the fuel with WI lower than natural gas) and C3H8 (for the fuel with WI higher than natural gas). Test results show that a benefit in NOx reduction can be seen for the lower WI fuels without H2 presence in the fuel and there are no adverse impacts on combustor performance except for the requirement of higher fuel supply pressure, however, this can be easily resolved by minor modification through the fuel injection design. Test results for the H2 enriched and higher WI fuels show that NOx, combustion dynamics and flash back have been adversely affected and major change in burner design is required. For the H2 enriched fuel, the effect of CO and H2 on combustor performance was also investigated for the fuels having a fixed WI of 29 MJ/Sm3. It is found that H2 dominates the adverse impact on combustor performance. The chemical kinetic study shows that H2 has significant effect on flame speed change and CO has significant effect on flame temperature change. Although the tests were performed on the Siemens SGT-400 combustion system, the results provide general guidance for the challenge of industrial gas turbine burner design for fuel flexibility.

Effect of Change in Fuel Compositions and Heating Value on Ignition and Performance for Siemens SGT-400 Dry Low Emission Combustion System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Liu ◽  
Pete Martin ◽  
Victoria Sanderson ◽  
Phill Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Burner Design ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

The influence of changes in fuel composition and heating value on the performance of an industrial gas turbine combustor was investigated. The combustor tested was a single cannular combustor for Siemens SGT-400 13.4 MW dry low emission (DLE) engine. Ignition, engine starting, emissions, combustion dynamics and flash back through burner metal temperature monitoring were among the parameters investigated to evaluate the impact of fuel flexibility on combustor performance. Lean ignition and extinction limits were measured for three fuels with different heat values in term of Wobbe Index (WI): 25, 28.9 and 45 MJ/Sm3 (natural gas). The test results show that the air fuel ratio (AFR) at lean ignition/extinction limits decreases and the margin between the two limits tends to be smaller as fuel heat value decreases. Engine start tests were also performed with a lower heating value fuel and results were found to be comparable to those for engine starting with natural gas. The combustor was further tested in a high pressure air facility at real engine operating conditions with different fuels covering WIs from 17.5 to 70 MJ/Sm3. The variation in fuel composition and heating value was achieved in a gas mixing plant by blending natural gas with CO2, CO, N2 and H2 (for the fuel with WI lower than natural gas) and C3H8 (for the fuel with WI higher than natural gas). Test results show that a benefit in NOx reduction can be seen for the lower WI fuels without H2 presence in the fuel and there are no adverse impacts on combustor performance except for the requirement of higher fuel supply pressure, however, this can be easily resolved by minor modification through the fuel injection design. Test results for the H2 enriched and higher WI fuels show that NOx, combustion dynamics and flash back have been adversely affected and major change in burner design is required. For the H2 enriched fuel, the effect of CO and H2 on combustor performance was also investigated for the fuels having a fixed WI of 29 MJ/Sm3. It is found that H2 dominates the adverse impact on combustor performance. The chemical kinetic study shows that H2 has significant effect on flame speed change and CO has significant effect on flame temperature change. Although the tests were performed on the Siemens SGT-400 combustion system, the results provide general guidance for the challenge of industrial gas turbine burner design for fuel flexibility.

Pentane Rich Fuels for Standard Siemens DLE Gas Turbines

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Andersson ◽  
Anders Larsson ◽  
Arturo Manrique Carrera
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Special Adaptation ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Model Substance ◽  
Wobbe Index

Associated gases at oil wells are often rich in heavy hydrocarbons (HHC, here denoting hydrocarbons heavier than propane). HHC cause handling difficulties and the combustion properties are quite different from standard natural gas. For this and other reasons HHC rich associated gases are often flared or vented. This is an enormous waste of useable energy and a significant contribution to emissions of pollutants, global CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB in Finspong (SIT AB) recently tested a standard DLE 25 MW SGT-600 gas turbine and a standard 31 MW SGT-700 gas turbine with HHC rich natural gas. Pentane was chosen as a model substance for HHC. The tested gases had up to 30% of the fuel heating value from pentane. The unmodified standard DLE gas turbines proved to be very tolerant to the tested pentane rich gases. CO emissions were reduced with increasing pentane content in the fuel for the same power output. NOx was observed to increase linearly with the pentane content. Combustion dynamics was affected mildly, but noticeably by the pentane rich fuel. This result, together with earlier presented results for the same DLE engines on nitrogen rich natural gases, gives an accepted and tested total LHV range of 25–50 MJ/kg and Wobbe index range of 25–55 MJ/Nm3. No special adaptation of the gas turbines was necessary for allowing this wide fuel range. The benefit of increased and proven fuel flexibility is obvious as it allows the gas turbine owner to make full use of opportunity fuels and to supply power at low fuel cost.

Feasibility of Utilizing a Bio-Mass Derived Fuel for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Andrews ◽  
P. C. Patnaik ◽  
J. W. Michniewicz ◽  
L. J. Jankowski ◽  
V. I. Romanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Test Vehicle ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

This paper describes a development program aimed at determining the technical feasibility of utilizing a bio-mass derived fuel in an industrial gas turbine engine. The fuel addressed is a flammable bio-fuel oil derived from wood waste through flash pyrolysis. The fuel has a heating value of approximately 18 MJ/kg, a density of 1.2 kg/l and specialized wet filtration techniques are used to minimize the particulate matter in the fuel. The turbine engine selected, as the test vehicle, is a 2.5 MW class-GT2500 engine designed and built by Mashproekt in the Ukraine. The standard operating conditions and layout of this engine provide flexibility in optimization of the combustion system to accept lower than conventional grade fuels. The characteristics of the fuel, the fuel handling system, and the considerations with respect to igniting and maintaining combustion with a fuel of this nature are discussed.

Flue Gas Recirculation of the Alstom Sequential Gas Turbine Combustor Tested at High Pressure

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Guethe ◽  
Dragan Stankovic ◽  
Franklin Genin ◽  
Khawar Syed ◽  
Dieter Winkler
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Flue Gas Recirculation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
The Impact

Concerning the efforts in reducing the impact of fossil fuel combustion on climate change for power production utilizing gas turbine engines Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR) in combination with post combustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one promising approach. In this technique part of the flue gas is recirculated and introduced back into the compressor inlet reducing the flue gas flow (to the CCS) and increasing CO2 concentrations. Therefore FGR has a direct impact on the efficiency and size of the CO2 capture plant, with significant impact on the total cost. However, operating a GT under depleted O2 and increased CO2 conditions extends the range of normal combustor experience into a new regime. High pressure combustion tests were performed on a full scale single burner reheat combustor high-pressure test rig. The impact of FGR on NOx and CO emissions is analyzed and discussed in this paper. While NOx emissions are reduced by FGR, CO emissions increase due to decreasing O2 content although the SEV reheat combustor could be operated without problem over a wide range of operating conditions and FGR. A mechanism uncommon for GTs is identified whereby CO emissions increase at very high FGR ratios as stoichiometric conditions are approached. The feasibility to operate Alstom’s reheat engine (GT24/GT26) under FGR conditions up to high FGR ratios is demonstrated. FGR can be seen as continuation of the sequential combustion system which already uses a combustor operating in vitiated air conditions. Particularly promising is the increased flexibility of the sequential combustion system allowing to address the limiting factors for FGR operation (stability and CO emissions) through separated combustion chambers.

Extension of Fuel Flexibility in the Siemens Dry Low Emissions SGT-300-1S to Cover a Wobbe Index Range of 15 to 49 MJ/Sm3

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Liu ◽  
Varkey Alexander ◽  
Victoria Sanderson ◽  
Ghenadie Bulat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Fuel Supply ◽  
Supply Pressure ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Standard Production

The extension of gas fuel flexibility in the Siemens SGT-300 single shaft (SGT-300-1S) is reported. A successful development program has increased the capability of the Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery, Lincoln (SITL) dry low emissions (DLE) burner configuration to a fuel range covering a Wobbe index (WI) from 15 to 49 MJ/Sm3. The WI reported in this paper is at a 15 °C fuel temperature. The standard SGT-300-1S SITL DLE combustion hardware allows for gas and liquid fuels within a specified range typically associated with natural gas and diesel, respectively. The range of the WI associated with natural gas is 37–49 MJ/Sm3. Field operation of the standard production SGT-300-1S has confirmed the reliable operation with an extension to the fuels range to include processed landfill gas (PLG) from 30 to 49 MJ/Sm3. The further extension of the fuel range for the SGT-300-1S SITL DLE combustion system was achieved through high pressure testing of a single combustion system at engine operating conditions and representative fuels. The variations in the fuel heating value were achieved by blending natural gas with diluent CO2 and/or N2. Various diagnostics were used to assess the performance of the combustion system, including the measurement of combustion dynamics, temperature, fuel supply pressure, and the emissions of NOx, CO, and unburned hydrocarbons (UHCs). The results of the testing showed that the standard production burner can operate for a fuel with a WI as low as 23 MJ/Sm3, which corresponds to 35% CO2 (by volume) in the fuel. This range can be extended to 15 MJ/Sm3 (54.5% CO2 in the fuel) with only minor modification to control losses through the burner and to maintain similar fuel injection characteristics. The SITL DLE combustion system is able to cover a WI range of 15 to 49 MJ/Sm3 in two configurations. The results of testing showed a lowering in the WI, by diluting with CO2 and/or N2, so that a benefit in the NOx reduction is observed. This decrease in the WI may lead to an increased requirement of the fuel supply pressure.

Uncertainty Analysis of Inflow Conditions on an HPT Gas Turbine Nozzle: Effect on Particle Deposition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Friso ◽  
N. Casari ◽  
M. Pinelli ◽  
A. Suman ◽  
F. Montomoli
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Gas Turbine Nozzle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Inflow Conditions

Abstract Gas turbines (GT) are often forced to operate in harsh environmental conditions. Therefore, the presence of particles in their flow-path is expected. With this regard, deposition is a problem that severely affects gas turbine operation. Components’ lifetime and performance can dramatically vary as a consequence of this phenomenon. Unfortunately, the operating conditions of the machine can vary in a wide range, and they cannot be treated as deterministic. Their stochastic variations greatly affect the forecasting of life and performance of the components. In this work, the main parameters considered affected by the uncertainty are the circumferential hot core location and the turbulence level at the inlet of the domain. A stochastic analysis is used to predict the degradation of a high-pressure-turbine (HPT) nozzle due to particulate ingestion. The GT’s component analyzed as a reference is the HPT nozzle of the Energy-Efficient Engine (E3). The uncertainty quantification technique used is the probabilistic collocation method (PCM). This work shows the impact of the operating conditions uncertainties on the performance and lifetime reduction due to deposition. Sobol indices are used to identify the most important parameter and its contribution to life. The present analysis enables to build confidence intervals on the deposit profile and on the residual creep-life of the vane.

On Compressor Station Layout

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Kurz ◽  
Sebouh Ohanian ◽  
Matt Lubomirsky
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
General Context ◽  
Operational Flexibility ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This paper discusses issues that influence the decision on the arrangement of compressors and the type of equipment in gas pipeline compressor stations. Different concepts such as multiple small units versus single large units are considered, both regarding their impact on the individual station and the overall pipeline. The necessity of standby units is discussed. Various concepts for drivers (gas turbine, gas motor and electric motor) and compressors (centrifugal and reciprocating) are analyzed. The importance of considering all possible operating conditions is stressed. With the wide range of possible operating conditions for the pipeline in mind, the discussion will be brought into the general context of operational flexibility, availability, reliability, installation issues, remote control, and operability of gas turbine driven centrifugal compressors compared to other solutions such as electric motor driven compressors or gas engine driven reciprocating compressors. The impact of different concepts on emissions and fuel cost is discussed. Among the assumptions in this paper are the performance characteristics of the compressor. It will be outlined how these performance characteristics influence the conclusions.

Development of GT24 and GT26 (Upgrades 2011) Reheat Combustors, Achieving Reduced Emissions and Increased Fuel Flexibility

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Michael Düsing ◽  
Andrea Ciani ◽  
Urs Benz ◽  
Adnan Eroglu ◽  
Klaus Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Evolutionary Design ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Development And Validation

The recent development of the Alstom’s sequential combustion system for the GT24 (60Hz) and GT26 (50Hz) upgrades 2011 is a perfect example of evolutionary design optimizations. Better overall performance is achieved through improved SEV burner aerodynamics and fuel injection, while keeping the main features of the sequential burner technology. In particular this results in further reduced NOx and CO emissions over widest possible load range and allows operation with fuel gases with up to 18% of higher hydrocarbons (C2+) or a low Wobbe index. An extensive validation of the new sequential burners for GT24 and GT26 has been conducted, with a wide range of validation tools. This has included high pressure sector rig testing and full-engine tests at the Alstom Power Plant Birr, Switzerland. This paper presents the development and validation process, in terms of evolutionary design modifications and successful burner scaling, of the GT24 and GT26 (upgrades 2011) reheat combustors from concept phase to engine validation.

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