Effect of Two-Scale Roughness on Boundary Layer Transition Over a Heated Flat Plate: Part 1 — Surface Heat Transfer

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Pinson ◽  
Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Surface Heat Transfer ◽  
Scale Roughness

An experimental study was conducted to investigate surface heat transfer and boundary layer development associated with flow over a flat test surface covered with two roughness scales. Two-scale roughness was used because in-service aeroengines commonly display larger roughness concentrated at the leading edge with smaller roughness distributed downstream. The first scale, covering up to the first 5 cm of the test surface, was in the form of a sandpaper strip, an aluminum strip, or a cylinder. The second roughness scale covered the remainder of the test surface (2 m) in the form of sandpaper or a smooth surface. In part 1, the surface heat transfer results are examined. Even though the roughness scales were hydraulically smooth, they induced significantly earlier transition onset, with the two-dimensional roughness causing earlier transition than three-dimensional roughness. All of the rough/smooth cases unexpectedly triggered earlier transition than rough/rough cases. This indicated that the scale of the step-change at the joint between two roughness scales was predominant over the downstream roughness on inducing early transition. Reducing the overall height of the step change was shown to have a greater effect on transition than the specific geometry of the roughness scale.

Effect of Two-Scale Roughness on Boundary Layer Transition Over a Heated Flat Plate: Part 1—Surface Heat Transfer

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Pinson ◽  
Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Surface Heat Transfer ◽  
Scale Roughness

An experimental study was conducted to investigate surface heat transfer and boundary layer development associated with flow over a flat test surface covered with two roughness scales. Two-scale roughness was used because in-service aeroengines commonly display larger roughness concentrated at the leading edge with smaller roughness distributed downstream. The first scale, covering up to the first 5 cm of the test surface, was in the form of a sandpaper strip, an aluminum strip, or a cylinder. The second roughness scale covered the remainder of the test surface (2 m) in the form of sandpaper or a smooth surface. In Part 1, the surface heat transfer results are examined. Even though the roughness scales were hydraulically smooth, they induced significantly earlier transition onset, with the two-dimensional roughness causing earlier transition than three-dimensional roughness. All of the rough/smooth cases unexpectedly triggered earlier transition than rough/rough cases. This indicated that the scale of the step-change at the joint between two roughness scales was predominant over the downstream roughness on inducing early transition. Reducing the overall height of the step change was shown to have a greater effect on transition than the specific geometry of the roughness scale. [S0889-504X(00)00701-7]

Boundary Layer Influence on the Unsteady Horseshoe Vortex Flow and Surface Heat Transfer

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Sabatino ◽  
C. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Bluff Body ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Horseshoe Vortex ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Wall Region ◽  
Thermochromic Liquid Crystal ◽  
Surface Heat Transfer ◽  
End Wall

The spatial-temporal flow-field and associated surface heat transfer within the leading edge, end-wall region of a bluff body were examined using both particle image velocimetry and thermochromic liquid crystal temperature measurements. The horseshoe vortex system in the end-wall region is mechanistically linked to the upstream boundary layer unsteadiness. Hairpin vortex packets, associated with turbulent boundary layer bursting behavior, amalgamate with the horseshoe vortex resulting in unsteady strengthening and streamwise motion. The horseshoe vortex unsteadiness exhibits two different natural frequencies: one associated with the transient motion of the horseshoe vortex, and the other with the transient surface heat transfer. Comparable unsteadiness occurs in the end-wall region of the more complex airfoil geometry of a linear turbine cascade. To directly compare the horseshoe vortex behavior around a turning airfoil to that of a simple bluff body, a length scale based on the maximum airfoil thickness is proposed.

Bypass Transition Modelling: A New Method Which Accounts for Free-Stream Turbulence Intensity and Length Scale

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Roach ◽  
David H. Brierley
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Turbulence Intensity ◽  
Free Stream ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Free Stream Turbulence

The publication of the present authors’ boundary layer transition data in 1992 (now widely known as the ERCOFTAC test case T3) has led to a spate of new experimental and modelling efforts aimed at improving our understanding of this problem. This paper describes a new method of determining boundary layer transition with zero mean pressure gradient. The approach examines the development of a laminar boundary layer to the start of transition, accounting for the influences of free-stream turbulence and test surface geometry. It is presented as a “proof of concept”, requiring a significant amount of work before it can be considered as a practically applicable model for transition prediction. The method is based upon one first put forward by G.I. Taylor in the 1930’s, and accounts for the action of local, instantaneous pressure gradients on the developing laminar boundary layer. These pressure gradients are related to the intensity and length scale of turbulence in the free-stream using Taylor’s simple isotropic model. The findings demonstrate the need to account for the separate influences of free-stream turbulence intensity and length scale when considering the transition process. Although the length scale has less of an effect than the intensity, its influence is, nevertheless, significant and must not be overlooked. This fact goes a long way towards explaining the large scatter to be found in simple correlations which involve only the turbulence intensity. Intriguingly, it is demonstrated that it is the free-stream turbulence at the leading edge of the test surface which is important, not that found locally outside the boundary layer. The additional influence of leading edge geometry is also shown to play a major role in fixing the point at which transition begins. It is suggested that the leading edge geometry will distort the incident turbulent eddies, modifying the effective “free-stream” turbulence properties. Consequently, it is shown that the scale of the eddies relative to the leading edge thickness is a further important parameter, and helps bring together a large number of test cases.

Boundary Layer Influence on the Unsteady Horseshoe Vortex Flow and Surface Heat Transfer

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Sabatino ◽  
C. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Bluff Body ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Horseshoe Vortex ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Wall Region ◽  
Thermochromic Liquid Crystal ◽  
Surface Heat Transfer ◽  
End Wall

The spatial-temporal flow field and associated surface heat transfer within the leading edge, end-wall region of a bluff body were examined using both particle image velocimetry and thermochromic liquid crystal temperature measurements. The horseshoe vortex system in the end-wall region is mechanistically linked to the upstream boundary layer unsteadiness. Hairpin vortex packets, associated with turbulent boundary layer bursting behavior, amalgamate with the horseshoe vortex resulting in unsteady strengthening and streamwise motion. The horseshoe vortex unsteadiness exhibits two different natural frequencies: one associated with the transient motion of the horseshoe vortex and the other with the transient surface heat transfer. Comparable unsteadiness occurs in the end-wall region of the more complex airfoil geometry of a linear turbine cascade. To directly compare the horseshoe vortex behavior around a turning airfoil to that of a simple bluff body, a length scale based on the maximum airfoil thickness is proposed.

Keel Design for Low Viscous Drag

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford J. Obara ◽  
C. P. van Dam
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Laminar Boundary Layer ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Sweep Angle ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Layer Flow

In this paper, foil and planform parameters which govern the level of viscous drag produced by the keel of a sailing yacht are discussed. It is shown that the application of laminar boundary-Layer flow offers great potential for increased boat speed resulting from the reduction in viscous drag. Three foil shapes have been designed and it is shown that their hydro­dynamic characteristics are very much dependent on location and mode of boundary-Layer transition. The planform parameter which strongly affects the capabilities of the keel to achieve laminar flow is lea ding-edge sweep angle. The two significant phenomena related to keel sweep angle which can cause premature transition of the laminar boundary layer are crossflow instability and turbulent contamination of the leading-edge attachment line. These flow phenomena and methods to control them are discussed in detail. The remaining factors that affect the maintainability of laminar flow include surface roughness, surface waviness, and freestream turbulence. Recommended limits for these factors are given to insure achievability of laminar flow on the keel. In addition, the application of a simple trailing-edge flap to improve the hydrodynamic characteristics of a foil at moderate-to-high leeway angles is studied.

An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer on an Outlet Guide Vane

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenglong Wang ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Bengt Sundén ◽  
Valery Chernoray ◽  
Hans Abrahamsson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Guide Vane ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Suction Surface ◽  
Layer Transition

In the present study, the heat transfer characteristics on the suction and pressure sides of an outlet guide vane (OGV) are investigated by using liquid crystal thermography (LCT) method in a linear cascade. Because the OGV has a complex curved surface, it is necessary to calibrate the LCT by taking into account the effect of viewing angles of the camera. Based on the calibration results, heat transfer measurements of the OGV were conducted. Both on- and off-design conditions were tested, where the incidence angles of the OGV were 25 degrees and −25 degrees, respectively. The Reynolds numbers, based on the axial flow velocity and the chord length, were 300,000 and 450,000. In addition, heat transfer on suction side of the OGV with +40 degrees incidence angle was measured. The results indicate that the Reynolds number and incidence angle have considerable influences upon the heat transfer on both pressure and suction surfaces. For on-design conditions, laminar-turbulent boundary layer transitions are on both sides, but no flow separation occurs; on the contrary, for off-design conditions, the position of laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition is significantly displaced downstream on the suction surface, and a separation occurs from the leading edge on the pressure surface. As expected, larger Reynolds number gives higher heat transfer coefficients on both sides of the OGV.

The Effects of Localized Blade Endwall Suction on Secondary Flows and Heat Transfer

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Hollis ◽  
Jeffrey P. Bons
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Surface Shear Stress ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Surface Shear ◽  
Surface Heat Transfer ◽  
High Heat Transfer

Two methods of flow control were designed to mitigate the effects of the horseshoe vortex structure (HV) at an airfoil/endwall junction. An experimental study was conducted to quantify the effects of localized boundary layer removal on surface heat transfer in a low-speed wind tunnel. A transient infrared technique was used to measure the convective heat transfer values along the surface surrounding the juncture. Particle image velocimetry was used to collect the time-mean velocity vectors of the flow field across three planes of interest. Boundary layer suction was applied through a thin slot cut into the leading edge of the airfoil at two locations. The first, referred to as Method 1, was directly along the endwall, the second, Method 2, was located at a height ∼1/3 of the approaching boundary layer height. Five suction rates were tested; 0%, 6.5%, 11%, 15% and 20% of the approaching boundary layer mass flow was removed at a constant rate. Both methods reduced the effects of the HV with increasing suction on the symmetry, 0.5-D and 1-D planes. Method 2 yielded a greater reduction in surface heat transfer but Method 1 outperformed Method 2 aerodynamically by completely removing the HV structure when 11% suction was applied. This method however produced other adverse effects such as high surface shear stress and localized areas of high heat transfer near the slot edges at high suction rates.

Effects of Weak Free Stream Nonuniformity on Boundary Layer Transition (Keynote Paper)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan H. Watmuff
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Free Stream ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Free Stream Turbulence ◽  
Tollmien Schlichting ◽  
Distorted Waves ◽  
Thickness Variations

Experiments are described in which well-defined FSN (Free Stream Nonuniformity) distributions are introduced by placing fine wires upstream of the leading edge of a flat plate. Large amplitude spanwise thickness variations are present in the downstream boundary layer resulting from the interaction of the laminar wakes with the leading edge. Regions of elevated background unsteadiness appear on either side of the peak layer thickness, which share many of the characteristics of Klebanoff modes, observed at elevated Free Stream Turbulence (FST) levels. However, for the low background disturbance level of the free stream, the layer remains laminar to the end of the test section (Rx ≈ l.4×106) and there is no evidence of bursting or other phenomena associated with breakdown to turbulence. A vibrating ribbon apparatus is used to demonstrate that the deformation of the mean flow is responsible for substantial phase and amplitude distortion of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves. Pseudo-flow visualization of hot-wire data shows that the breakdown of the distorted waves is more complex and occurs at a lower Reynolds number than the breakdown of the K-type secondary instability observed when the FSN is not present.

Effect of Elevated Free-Stream Turbulence on Transitional Heat Transfer Over Dual-Scaled Rough Surfaces

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Wang ◽  
Matthew C. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Vortex Shedding ◽  
Free Stream ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Free Stream Turbulence ◽  
Heat Transfer Phenomenon

The surface roughness over a serviced turbine airfoil is usually multi-scaled with varying features that are difficult to be universally characterized. However, it was previously discovered in low freestream turbulence conditions that the height of larger roughness produces separation and vortex shedding, which trigger early transition and exert a dominant effect on flow pattern and heat transfer. The geometry of the roughness and smaller roughness scales played secondary roles. This paper extends the previous study to elevated turbulence conditions with free-stream turbulence intensity ranging from 0.2–6.0 percent. A simplified test condition on a flat plate is conducted with two discrete regions having different surface roughness. The leading edge roughness is comprised of a sandpaper strip or a single cylinder. The downstream surface is either smooth or covered with sandpaper of grit sizes ranging from 100 ∼ 40 (Ra = 37 ∼ 119 μm). Hot wire measurements are conducted in the boundary layer to study the flow structure. The results of this study verify that the height of the largest-scale roughness triggers an earlier transition even under elevated turbulence conditions and exerts a more dominant effect on flow and heat transfer than does the geometry of the roughness. Heat transfer enhancements of about 30 ∼ 40 percent over the entire test surface are observed. The vortical motion, generated by the backward facing step at the joint of two roughness regions, is believed to significantly increase momentum transport across the boundary layer and bring the elevated turbulence from the freestream towards the wall. No such long-lasting heat transfer phenomenon is observed in low FSTI cases even though vortex shedding also exists in the low turbulence cases. The heat transfer enhancement decreases, instead of increases, as the downstream roughness height increases.

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