Requirement Change Propagation Prediction Approach: Results From an Industry Case Study

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beshoy Morkos ◽  
Joshua D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Data Management System ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Prediction Tool ◽  
Engineering Change ◽  
Change Notification ◽  
Requirement Change ◽  
Propagation Prediction ◽  
Requirement Changes ◽  
Prediction Approach

This paper presents an industry case study investigating change propagation due to requirement changes. This paper makes use of a change propagation prediction tool, ΔDSM, to identify if the propagated changes could have been identified and predicted. The study used an automation firm’s client project as the study subject. The project entailed 160 requirements, changing over the span of 15 month. Engineering change notifications were developed for each change and documented under the firm’s data management system. This study makes use of the change notifications to identify if any of the change were as a result of a previous change. The findings of this paper indicated the changes that occurred could have been predicted as the ΔDSM was able to predict affected requirements. This was identified by finding subsequent requirements in the engineering change notification documentation that the ΔDSM indicated might change.

Exploring Requirement Change Propagation Through the Physical and Functional Domain

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyo Htet Hein ◽  
Varun Menon ◽  
Beshoy Morkos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Physical Domain ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Requirement Change ◽  
Propagation Prediction ◽  
Requirements Document

Prior research performed by Morkos [1], culminated in the automated requirement change propagation prediction (ARCPP) tool which utilized natural language data in requirements to predict change propagation throughout a requirements document as a result of an initiating requirement change. Whereas the prior research proved requirements can be used to predict change propagation, the purpose of this case study is to understand why. Specifically, what parts of a requirement affect its ability to predict change propagation? This is performed by addressing two key research questions: (1) Is the requirement review depth affected by the number of relators selected to relate requirements and (2) What elements of a requirement are responsible for instigating change propagation, the physical (nouns) or functional (verbs) domain? The results of this study assist in understanding whether the physical or functional domain have a greater effect on the instigation of change propagation. The results indicated that the review depth, an indicator of the performance of the ARCPP tool, is not affected by the number of relators, but rather by the ability of relators in relating the propagating relationships. Further, nouns are found to be more contributing to predicting change propagation in requirements. Therefore, the physical domain is more effective in predicting requirement change propagation than the functional domain.

Risk Analysis of Engineering Change for Distributed Product Design

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Leilei Yin ◽  
Quan Sun ◽  
Youxiong Xu ◽  
Li Shao ◽  
Dunbing Tang
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Design Engineering ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Primary Result ◽  
Engineering Change ◽  
Design Change ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Simulation Results

Abstract Nowadays customer demand for satisfactory product developed in limited time is rapidly posing a major challenge to product design and more distributed products are developed to address these concerns. In the distributed product design, engineering change (EC) is an inevitable phenomenon and consumes much production time. It is necessary to assess the design change effectively in advance. Some methods and tools to predict and analyze the change propagation influence have been provided. From the perspective of design change duration, our work extends the method of assessing design change by incorporating risk factors from different working groups in multiple design sites, functional maintenance during the change propagation. The primary result of this work is the provision of a design support to acquire the optimal design change scheme by estimating the duration. In this paper, risk factor of distributed design is applied to the influence evaluation of change propagation, which implies an increase of change propagation influence due to the varying levels of expertise, possible lack of communication. Besides, a deterministic simulation model is proposed to assess the change propagation schemes. The model combines the effects of design change parallelism, iteration, change propagation for the distributed product design. Based on the simulation results, a more focused discussion and identification of suitable design change schemes can be made. A case study of an assembly tooling for the reinforced frame is implemented to demonstrated how the developed method can be applied. Finally, the method is initially discussed and evaluated.

scholarly journals Method for Systematic Assessment of Requirement Change Risk in Industrial Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8697
Author(s):  
Iris Graessler ◽  
Christian Oleff ◽  
Philipp Scholle
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Requirement Change ◽  
Requirement Changes

Requirement changes and cascading effects of change propagation are major sources of inefficiencies in product development and increase the risk of project failure. Risk management regarding these requirement changes yields the potential to handle such changes efficiently. Currently unlocked, a systematic approach is required for risk management to assess the risk of a requirement change with appropriate effort in industrial application. Within the paper at hand, a novel method for systematic assessment of requirement change risk is presented. It is developed in a multiple case study approach with three product development projects from different industrial branches. The change risk is assessed by combining change likelihood and change impact. Propagation effects are considered by analyzing requirement interrelations. To limit application effort, a tailorable approach towards assessment of change causes based on generalized influence factors and a pre-defined rule set for semi-automatized assessment of requirements interrelations is used. A software prototype is developed and implemented to enable evaluation and transfer to industrial application. The approach is evaluated using a combination of case study projects, stakeholder workshops, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Applying the method, the risks of requirement changes are assessed systematically, and subsequent risk management is enabled. The contribution at hand opens up the research space of risk management in handling requirement changes which is currently almost unexploited. At the same time, it enables more efficient product development.

Representation: Formal Development and Computational Recognition of Localized Requirement Change Types

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beshoy Morkos ◽  
Shraddha Joshi ◽  
Joshua D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Global Analysis ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Change Type ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Requirement Change ◽  
Requirement Changes ◽  
Types Of Change

Requirement change propagation, the process in which a change to one requirement results in additional requirement changes when otherwise this change would not have been needed, occurs frequently and must be managed. Multiple approaches exist, and have been readily published, for predicting requirement change propagation, analyzing change how a change to one requirement may propagate forward to other, related requirements (global level). However, the type of change encountered within a single requirement (localized level) has not been thoroughly studied and could be used to assist in the global analysis of requirement change propagation. This paper seeks to begin to fill this gap by identifying types of change requirements may encounter. By surveying research performed in the realm of requirement change, a taxonomy of change types is developed. To computationally analyze the changes, the localized requirement changes are represented through syntactical elements to identify which requirements’ parts of speech is affected. Using part of speech language rules, the identification of requirement change type is automatically identified. Further, the automatic identification of requirement change type is used to assist in predicting change propagation, a process currently automated. This bridges the gap between localized and global requirement change in an automated, systematic manner.

scholarly journals Method for Analysing Requirement Change Propagation based on a Modified Pagerank Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3681-3690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Gräßler ◽  
Henrik Thiele ◽  
Christian Oleff ◽  
Philipp Scholle ◽  
Veronika Schulze
Keyword(s):  
New Product Development ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Pagerank Algorithm ◽  
New Business ◽  
Requirement Change ◽  
Requirement Changes ◽  
New Business Models

AbstractComplexity of products and systems is increasing through digitalization, interdisciplinarity as well as high technology maturity and new business models. In consequence, new product development (NPD) projects need to manage and satisfy a large number of requirements from a broad range of stakeholders. Yet, NPD projects are often delayed due to requirement changes. In this paper, a new method for analyzing requirement change propagation is presented. The method is based on the assessment of requirement interrelations structured in a requirements structure matrix by a modified page-rank algorithm. By the method, a high number of strongly interrelated requirements can be analyzed in an efficient manner. Additionally, higher-level interrelations as well as the relative weights of requirements are also incorporated in the analysis. Hereby, an efficient holistic approach towards the analysis of requirement change propagation is proposed.

scholarly journals Employing machine learning techniques to assess requirement change volatility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyo Htet Hein ◽  
Elisabeth Kames ◽  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Beshoy Morkos
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Multilabel Learning ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Requirement Change ◽  
Propagation Prediction ◽  
Network Metrics ◽  
Initial Change

AbstractLack of planning when changing requirements to reflect stakeholders’ expectations can lead to propagated changes that can cause project failures. Existing tools cannot provide the formal reasoning required to manage requirement change and minimize unanticipated change propagation. This research explores machine learning techniques to predict requirement change volatility (RCV) using complex network metrics based on the premise that requirement networks can be utilized to study change propagation. Three research questions (RQs) are addressed: (1) Can RCV be measured through four classes namely, multiplier, absorber, transmitter, and robust, during every instance of change? (2) Can complex network metrics be explored and computed for each requirement during every instance of change? (3) Can machine learning techniques, specifically, multilabel learning (MLL) methods be employed to predict RCV using complex network metrics? RCV in this paper quantifies volatility for change propagation, that is, how requirements behave in response to the initial change. A multiplier is a requirement that is changed by an initial change and propagates change to other requirements. An absorber is a requirement that is changed by an initial change, but does not propagate change to other requirements. A transmitter is a requirement that is not changed by an initial change, but propagates change to other requirements. A robust requirement is a requirement that is not changed by an initial change and does not propagate change to other requirements. RCV is determined using industrial data and requirement network relationships obtained from previously developed Refined Automated Requirement Change Propagation Prediction (R-ARCPP) tool. Useful complex network metrics in highest performing machine learning models are discussed along with the limitations and future directions of this research.

Exploring Effective Change Propagation in a Product Family Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inayat Ullah ◽  
Dunbing Tang ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Leilei Yin
Keyword(s):  
Product Family ◽  
Design Structure Matrix ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Effective Change ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Requirements Change ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Design Requirements

Product family (PF) design is a widely used strategy in the industry, as it allows meeting diverse design requirements. Change propagation in any PF is difficult to predict. Consequently, while numerous design change management methodologies presently exist, their application is restricted to a single artifact. This issue is overcome in the present study. The proposed framework explores effective change propagation paths (CPPs) by considering the risks associated with design changes in the PF with the aim of minimizing the overall redesign cost. The propagated risk, which would result in rework, is quantified in terms of change impact and propagation likelihood. Moreover, a design structure matrix (DSM) based mathematical model and an algorithm for its implementation are proposed to investigate the change propagation across the PF. Finally, to demonstrate their effectiveness, a PF of electric kettles is examined in a case study. The study findings confirm that the proposed technique is appropriate for evaluating different CPPs in PF.

scholarly journals ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENTS OF MEGA YACHTS DURING CONSTRUCTION

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Insel ◽  
S Gokcay ◽  
Z Saydam ◽  
T Soyaslan ◽  
C Soyaslan
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Critical Parameter ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Prediction Tool ◽  
Transmission Losses ◽  
Sea Trial ◽  
Airborne Noise ◽  
Building Project

Noise is a critical parameter for super/mega yachts which can be verified only in the final stage of a mega yacht building project. Although there are more and more advanced methods to predict noise prior to the sea trials, verification has to be delayed until the noise survey is conducted during the sea trial. A new methodology is proposed based on measurements during construction to determine the transmission losses of both airborne and structure borne noise and propagation of the sound from the source to the receiver using these measurements. A 66 meter mega yacht case study is presented with measurements of airborne noise emitted through an omni-directional dodecahedron loudspeaker and measurements of structure borne noise generated by a tapping device. Both sound pressure levels and vibrations are measured to derive the transmission losses. A source-path-receiver method-based prediction tool, SNoPP, is employed to project the measurements into the final noise predictions. Comparisons between the measurements and the predictions are also presented.

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