Ultrasonic Inline Inspection of the Moomba to Sydney Pipeline

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Ohl ◽  
Robert E. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Fitness For Purpose ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

For the majority of Australian gas pipelines it is not practical to remove them from service for extended periods of time. This rules out hydrostatic testing as a means of confirming the integrity of older pipelines including those that may contain Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). The Moomba to Sydney pipeline (MSP) at 864 mm (34 inch) nominal bore and 1299 km (807 miles) in length is the largest diameter onshore gas transmission pipeline in Australia. Commissioned in 1976, it has a history of susceptibility to SCC and, in 1982, six years after commissioning, suffered a SCC initiated rupture. Since this time the pipeline owners have operated and maintained the pipeline to ensure no further SCC initiated failures. Maintenance for SCC has included a targeted excavation program which, between 2000 and 2004, found significant SCC colonies. This created the need to develop a more comprehensive approach to locate and identify every significant SCC colony in the pipeline. Several options were considered but the one that was selected as best meeting the performance criteria was the use of an ultrasonic intelligent pig running in a liquid medium. This pigging operation had to be carried out while the pipeline continued in operation with minimal disruption to gas transmission operation. This had never been done before in Australia. The initial intelligent pigging program of the first 162 km (101 miles) of the pipeline was conducted in early 2005 with an additional 292 km (181 miles) pigged in early 2006. This paper provides information on the approach taken to overcome the many technical, operational and commercial challenges of this operation. Water was chosen as the liquid medium and a major issue was the introduction and removal of water from the pipeline while it remained in operation. This could not have been achieved without the co-operation of producers, shippers, network owners, network operators, technical regulators and contractors. The paper also looks at the how the results obtained from the pigging will be used to enable the SCC to be managed in a safe and efficient manner and confirming the safety and fitness for purpose of the MSP now and into the future.

scholarly journals Detection and Verification of SCC in a Gas Transmission Pipeline

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ashworth ◽  
Neb Uzelac ◽  
H. Willems ◽  
O. A. Barbian
Keyword(s):  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
History Of ◽  
Location Type

Two sections of a 914mm OD (36 in.) TransCanada (TCPL) gas transmission pipeline (predominantly with 9.14 mm wall thickness) were inspected using an ultrasonic liquid coupled crack detection In-Line Inspection (ILI) tool. One of the objectives of the inspection was to establish the condition of the pipeline sections with a known history of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Under test was the practicability of inspecting a gas line using a liquid coupled ILI tool, specifically its ability to detect and size defects deeper than 1 mm and distinguish cracks and crack-like defects from other types of anomalies, such as inclusions and laminations. In order to assess the confidence level of the tool, both sections were inspected in two independent runs and the repeatability of inspection was assessed. Cracks and crack-like defects with depths greater than 12.5% of the wall thickness from both runs were compared and correlation was established to assess repeatability. The accuracy of tool predictions was verified in excavations in both sections. 40 reported features, varying in depths up to over 40% were examined with respect to location, type, and size. Examples of defect patterns are shown to demonstrate the accuracy of the inspection method.

The role of crack branching in stress corrosion cracking of aluminium alloys

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Burnett ◽  
N.J. Henry Holroyd ◽  
Geoffrey M. Scamans ◽  
Xiaorong Zhou ◽  
George E. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Compact Tension ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Crack Branching ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
The Many

AbstractStress corrosion cracks of all types are characterised by extensive crack branching, and this is frequently used as the key failure analysis characteristic to identify this type of cracking. For aluminium alloys, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is almost exclusively an intergranular failure mechanism. For plate and extruded components, this had led to the development of test procedures using double cantilever beam and compact tension precracked specimens that rely on the pancake grain shape to constrain cracking, so that fracture mechanics can be applied to the analysis of stress intensity and crack velocity and the evolution of a characteristic performance curve. We have used X-ray computed tomography to examine in detail SCC in aluminium alloys in three dimensions for the first time. We have found that crack branching limits the stress intensity at the crack tip as the applied stress is shared amongst a number of cracks that are held together by uncracked ligaments. We propose that the plateau region observed in the v-K curve is an artefact due to crack branching, and at the crack tips of the many crack branches, cracking essentially occurs at constant K almost irrespective of the crack length. We have amplified the crack branching effect by examining a sample where the long axis of the pancake grains was inclined to the applied stressing direction. Our results have profound implications for the future use of precracked specimens for SCC susceptibility testing and the interpretation of results from these tests.

Martin Luther in the Age of Confessionalization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

Luther was a point of reference in all three of the confessional cultures during the confessional age, though this was not something he had intended. His theological “self-fashioning” was not meant to secure, canonize, or stabilize his own works or his biography. Rather, he believed, and was convinced, that the hidden God rules in a strange way. He hides himself in the course of the world and realizes what we would have liked to realizes. Apart from this theological viewpoint, historiographic differentiation is needed: Luther had different impacts on each of the three confessions. Furthermore, one also has to differentiate between a deep impact and the unintended effects of Luther’s thinking. Luther was an extremely polarizing figure. From the beginning, he underwent a heroization and a diabolization by his contemporaries. Apart from this black-and-white reception of his person, it was, and still is, extremely difficult to analyze Luther, his work and medial effects. Historians have always been fixated on Luther: he was the one and only founder of Protestantism. His biography became a stereotype of writing and was an important element of Protestant (or anti-Protestant) identity politics. For some Protestants, his biography became identical with the history of salvation (Heilsgeschichte). For his enemies, his biography was identical with the history of the devil. In all historical fields, one has to differentiate between the different groups and people who protected or attacked Luther or shared his ideas. The history of Luther can only be written as a shared history with conflict and concordances: the so-called Anabaptists, for example, shared Luther’s antihierarchical ideal of Christian community, although on the other hand “they” were strongly opposed toward his theology and person. Luther or example, had conflicts with the humanists and with Erasmus especially; he argued about the Lord’s Supper with Zwingli, he criticized the Fuggers because of their financial transactions in an early capitalist society; and, last but not least, he was in conflict with the Roman Church. The legitimization of different pictures of Luther always depends upon the perspectives of the posterity: either Luther was intolerant against spiritualists, Anabaptists, or peasants who were willing to resort to violence; or he was defended by humanists like Sebastian Castellio for defending religious tolerance. During his lifetime Luther was an extremely polarizing figure. Hundreds of pro-Lutheran and polemical anti-Lutheran leaflets or texts were published. The many literary forms of parody, satire, caricature, the grotesque, and the absurd were cultivated during the confessional age. Luther’s biography was often used by Lutheran theologians as an instrument of heroization and identity politics in public discourse. Historically, one can differentiate between the time before and after Luther. The political and religious unity of the Holy Roman Empire was strongly disturbed, if not broken, through the Reformation. The end of the Universalist dreams of universal powers like theology and politics (pope and emperor) were some of the central preconditions for political, cultural, and theological differentiation of Europe. Religious differentiation was one of the unintended effects of theology and the interpretation of the scripture. Decades after Luther’s death, the Holy Roman Empire slowly and surprisingly turned into a poly-, multi- and interconfessional society.

Hare Krishna Movement: What Attracts the Western Adolescent?

1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 604-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ittamveetil N. Kutty ◽  
Arthur P. Froese ◽  
Quentin A.F. Rae-Grant
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Cultural Roots ◽  
American Values ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Professional Interventions ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Historical Sketch

Summary The HKM is but one of the many Eastern religious beliefs imported into the West. However, because of the way it is practised, it is the one which confronts North American values most directly. It is an offshoot of Hinduism and comprises a wide diversity of beliefs. It attracts many Western youths, much to the anguish of their parents and community leaders. Those who look at the HKM from a Western cultural point of view argue passionately with those who believe in it. The authors, one of whom (I.N.K.) has cultural roots in Hinduism and Western training in child psychiatry, attempt to look at this phenomenon dispassionately and analyze some of the relevant factors which attract Western youth to this culturally alien religion. A brief historical sketch of the HKM is given followed by an account of the significance of religion from a psychoanalytical perspective. The case history of a 15 year old adolescent male is presented and discussed in psychodynamic terms followed by an attempt to understand his attraction to the HKM. The manner in which the HKM met the needs of this adolescent may have implications for the management and understanding of similar cases, especially when professional interventions do not bring about the desired results of solving rather than just suppressing the intense and painful conflicts of development in adolescence.

Use of Alloy Additions to Prevent intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking In Aluminum Bronze

CORROSION ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 519t-522t ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. KLEMENT ◽  
R. E. MAERSCH ◽  
P. A. TULLY
Keyword(s):  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Boundary Segregation ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Aluminum Bronze ◽  
Intergranular Stress Corrosion ◽  
Actual Application ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking

Abstract The general principles of equilibrium grain boundary segregation are applied to form a theory on the possible elimination of intergranular stress corrosion cracking in alpha aluminum bronze in steam. Various possible alloy additions are discussed in relation to their atom size, solubility, and tendency to react with steam. A theoretical selection of beneficial additions is made. Actual test results on several alloys containing a variety of additions are presented, illustrating good agreement of theory and results. The effects of the additions on transgranular ammonia cracking susceptibility are also discussed. A brief history of the application of laboratory results to field testing and actual application to the product is given. 3.7.2

scholarly journals Fine Arts: 1. Art During the Transition Period Between Paleolithic and Neolithicon the Territory of Romania

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Ioana-Iulia Olaru
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Mesolithic Period ◽  
Great Complexity

Abstract This material refers to one of the many transition periods from the History of Art on the territory of Romania - that is the period which separates Paleolithic from Neolithic: Epi-Paleolithic, with its endcalled (and accepted, first of all!) by some researchers: Mesolithic. As we will see, we will refer to the art of this moment of great complexity and diversity. From an artistic pointof view, Epi-Paleolithic already has tools which can be placed in the category of technical beauty, as far as form is concerned, precision becomes more and more important,and also the skillfulness of their production and the delicate, refined finishing; also connected to the artistic side of the period, the interest for beauty for creating geometrical-abstract decorations increases, obviously becoming a coherent ornamental motif. In the final phase of Epi-Paleolithic, the Mesolithic period comes with an art which is different from the one of the culture Schela Cladovei, characterized by ornaments with simple geometrical motifs, liniar incisions, oblique or in a network, this geometry leading to the main compositional textures of decoration of the oldest phase of the future Neolithic culture Criș.

Laboratory Evaluation of Soil Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of API Grade Steels

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Bueno ◽  
B. B. Castro ◽  
J. A. C. Ponciano
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Buried Pipelines ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Neutral Soil ◽  
The One

Stress corrosion cracking is one among several corrosion processes than can occur on buried pipelines. Efforts must be made in order to prevent this form of corrosion as long as pipeline collapse can cause accidents with high economic costs associated and environmental damage. In the present work, Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of pipeline steels in contact with soil was investigated. Samples of different soils were obtained and prepared in order to determine its physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics. Slow strain rate testing were carried out by using electrolytes obtained from soil samples extracted from different points located close to buried pipelines. Stress vs. strain curves of API X46, X60 and X80 steels were obtained at different electrode potentials (Ecorr, 100mV below Ecorr and 300mV below Ecorr). The results obtained demonstrated the conjoint incidence of SCC and HE, depending on the potential imposed. These results revealed the SCC susceptibility of the steels. It was also observed that the hydrogen embrittlement — HE — has an important contribution to cracking initiation and propagation. Cracking morphology was similar to the SCC reported on field condition where transgranular cracking were detected in a pipeline collapsed by land creeping. It was important to point out that even under cathodic potentials the material showed the incidence of secondary cracking and a significant decreasing of ductility. The mechanism was similar to the one described by Parkins and coworkers to explain the incidence of stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in near neutral soil.

The Two Ends and the Middle Way A Suggested Reconstruction

1932 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
C. A. F. Rhys Davids
Keyword(s):  
Religious History ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
General Assent

Of the five opportunities given me these thirty-nine years for such a talk on such an occasion as this, the present one may well be the last. I have on these occasions considered, in the Buddhist field, Women, the Will, Natural Causation, and the Man as Real. I would now say a few words on that which is, historically speaking, the most central subject of all—the subject which is, by general assent, within and without that religion, the New Word with which it was introduced, the first Mantra recorded as of the Founder of it, the so-called Benares ‘sermon’. For we may talk much about legends of him on the one hand, or about the many ways in which his teaching expanded at later periods, in so-called philosophy and in this and that word-value, obscuring the man-value, but the one thing of chief historical importance is and remains the Mantras he first uttered as teacher, and their significance in the religious history of the there and then. To this I would add, in the pertinent phrase of a recent synoptical narrative, “the meaning which these will have had in the mind of their original author.”

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