Evaluation of Alignment Rules Using Stainless Steel Pipes With Non-Aligned Flaws
Multiple flaws such as stress corrosion cracks are frequently detected in the same welded lines in pipes. If multiple discrete flaws are in close proximity to one another, alignment rules are used to determine whether the flaws should be treated as non-aligned or as coplanar. Alignment rules are provided in fitness-for-service codes, such as ASME, JSME, API 579, BS 7910, etc. However, the criteria of the alignment rules are different among these codes. This paper briefly introduces these flaw alignment rules, and four-point bending tests performed on stainless steel pipes with two non-aligned flaws. The experimental plastic collapse stresses are determined from the collapse loads and compared with collapse stresses calculated from the limit load criteria. The limit loads are obtained for single non-aligned or aligned coplanar flaws in accordance with the alignment rules. On this basis, the conservatism of the alignment rules in the above codes is assessed.