In Vitro and In Vivo Degradation, Mechanical Properties, and Histocompatibility of Weft-Knitted Silk Mesh-Like Grafts

To investigate the degradation, mechanical properties, and histocompatibility of weft-knitted silk mesh-like grafts, we carried out the In Vitro and In Vivo silk grafts degradation assay. The In Vitro degradation experiment was performed by immersing the silk grafts in simulated body fluid for 1 year, and the results showed that the degradation rate of the silk mesh-like grafts was very slow, and there were few changes in the mechanical properties and quality of the silk mesh-like graft. In Vivo degradation assay was taken by implantation of the silk mesh-like grafts into the subcutaneous muscles of rabbits. At 3, 6, and 12 months postoperation, the rate of mass loss was 19.36%, 31.84%, and 58.77%, respectively, and the maximum load was 63.85%, 34.63%, and 10.76%, respectively of that prior to degradation. The results showed that the degradation rate of the silk graft and the loss of mechanical properties In Vivo were faster than the results obtained in the In Vitro experiments. In addition, there were no significant differences in secretion of serum IL-6 and TNF-α between the experimental and normal rabbits (P >0.05), suggesting no obvious inflammatory reaction. The findings suggest that the weft-knitted silk mesh-like grafts have good mechanical properties, histocompatibility, and In Vivo degradation rate, and therefore represent a candidate material for artificial ligament

Joint Layout Design: Finding the Strongest Connections within Segmental Masonry Arched Forms

Segmental arched forms composed of discrete units are among the most common construction systems, ranging from historic masonry vaults to contemporary precast concrete shells. Simple fabrication, transport, and assembly have particularly made these structural systems convenient choices to construct infrastructures such as bridges in challenging environmental conditions. The most important drawback of segmental vaults is basically the poor mechanical behaviour at the joints connecting their constituent segments. The influence of the joint shape and location on structural performances has been widely explored in the literature, including studies on different stereotomy, bond patterns, and interlocking joint shapes. To date, however, a few methods have been developed to design optimal joint layouts, but they are limited to extremely limited geometric parameters and material properties. To remedy this, this paper presents a novel method to design the strongest joint layout in 2D arched structures while allowing joints to take on a range of diverse shapes. To do so, a masonry arched form is represented as a layout of potential joints, and the optimization problems developed based on the two plastic methods of classic limit analysis and discontinuity layout optimization find the joint layout that corresponds to the maximum load-bearing capacity.

Optimal Configuration and Sizing of Seaport Microgrids including Renewable Energy and Cold Ironing—The Port of Aalborg Case Study

Microgrids are among the promising green transition technologies that will provide enormous benefits to the seaports to manage major concerns over energy crises, environmental challenges, and economic issues. However, creating a good design for the seaport microgrid is a challenging task, considering different objectives, constraints, and uncertainties involved. To ensure the optimal operation of the system, determining the right microgrid configuration and component size at minimum cost is a vital decision at the design stage. This paper aims to design a hybrid system for a seaport microgrid with optimally sized components. The selected case study is the Port of Aalborg, Denmark. The proposed grid-connected structure consists of renewable energy sources (photovoltaic system and wind turbines), an energy storage system, and cold ironing facilities. The seaport architecture is then optimized by utilizing HOMER to meet the maximum load demand by considering important parameters such as solar global horizontal irradiance, temperature, and wind resources. Finally, the best configuration is analyzed in terms of economic feasibility, energy reliability, and environmental impacts.

Study of the Stress State of a Dissimilar Metal Weld Due to Manufacturing and Operational Conditions

Welding is accompanied by the presence of weld residual stresses, which in case of dissimilar metal welds even with post weld heat treatment cannot be removed completely therefore they should be considered when assessing possible welding defects. The measurement of residual stress in metal weld is a very complex procedure and also in the investigated case could not be carried out as it is the part of a working plant. However, by modelling these processes, the residual stresses and deformation of the components caused by this manufacturing method can be determined. It is important to calculate these values as accurately as possible to determine the maximum load capacity of the structure. The structure under examination was the dissimilar metal weld of a VVER-440 steam generator. 2D simulations were performed, where temperature and phase-dependent material properties were implemented. Different loading scenarios were considered in the numerical analysis. The results can be useful to determine the real loading conditions of a given component and can be used to predict stress corrosion crack initiation locations, as well as to evaluate the lifetime and failure mode prediction of welded joints.

Mechanical Properties of a 3D-Printed Wall Segment Made with an Earthen Mixture

This study provides a contribution to the research field of 3D-printed earthen buildings, focusing, for the first time, on the load-bearing capacity of these structures. The study involves the entire production and testing process of the earthen elements, from the design, to the preparation of the mixture and the 3D printing, up to the uniaxial compression test on a wall segment. The results indicate that 3D-printed earthen elements have a compressive strength of 2.32 MPa, comparable to that of rammed earth structures. The experimental data also made it possible to draw conclusions on the action of the infill, which seems to have the function of stopping the propagation of cracks. This has a positive effect on the overall behavior of 3D-printed earthen elements, since it avoids the onset of dilative behavior in the final stages of the load test and maintains ultimate load values higher than 50% of the maximum load.

Tailoring of Novel Azithromycin-Loaded Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Wound Healing

Skin is the largest mechanical barrier against invading pathogens. Following skin injury, the healing process immediately starts to regenerate the damaged tissues and to avoid complications that usually include colonization by pathogenic bacteria, leading to fever and sepsis, which further impairs and complicates the healing process. So, there is an urgent need to develop a novel pharmaceutical material that promotes the healing of infected wounds. The present work aimed to prepare and evaluate the efficacy of novel azithromycin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (AZM-ZnONPs) in the treatment of infected wounds. The Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology were used to evaluate loading efficiency and release characteristics of the prepared NPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the formulations was determined against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Moreover, the anti-bacterial and wound-healing activities of the AZM-loaded ZnONPs impregnated into hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel were evaluated in an excisional wound model in rats. The prepared ZnONPs were loaded with AZM by adsorption. The prepared ZnONPs were fully characterized by XRD, EDAX, SEM, TEM, and FT-IR analysis. Particle size distribution for the prepared ZnO and AZM-ZnONPs were determined and found to be 34 and 39 nm, respectively. The mechanism by which AZM adsorbed on the surface of ZnONPs was the best fit by the Freundlich model with a maximum load capacity of 160.4 mg/g. Anti-microbial studies showed that AZM-ZnONPs were more effective than other controls. Using an experimental infection model in rats, AZM-ZnONPs impregnated into HPMC gel enhanced bacterial clearance and epidermal regeneration, and stimulated tissue formation. In conclusion, AZM -loaded ZnONPs are a promising platform for effective and rapid healing of infected wounds.

Mechanics of Tubes Composed of Interlocking Building Blocks

Topologically interlocking material (TIM) systems are composed of convex polyhedral units placed such that building blocks restrict each other's movement. Here, TIM tubes are considered as rolled monolayers of such assemblies. The deformation response of these assembled tubes under diametrical loading is considered. This investigation employs experiments on additivelymanufactured physical realizations and finite element analysis with contact interactions. The internal load transfer in topologically interlocking tubes is rationalized through inspection of the distribution of minimum principalstress. A thrust-line (TL) model for the deformation of topologically interlocking tubes is established. The model approximates the deformation response of the assembled tubes as the response of a collection of Misestrusses aligned with paths of maximum load transfer in the system. The predictions obtained with the TL-model are in good agreement with results of finite element models. Accounting for sliding between building blocks in theTL-model yields a predicted response more similar to experimental results with additively manufactured tubes.

Mechanical Properties of a 3D Printed Wall Segment Made with an Earthen Mixture

This study provides a contribution to the research field of 3D printed earthen buildings, focusing, for the first time, on the load-bearing capacity of these structures. The study involves the entire production and testing process of the earthen elements, from design, to the preparation of the mixture and the 3D printing, up to the uniaxial compression test on a wall segment. The results indicate that 3D printed earthen elements have a compressive strength of 2.32 MPa, comparable to that of rammed earth structures. The experimental data also made it possible to draw conclusions on the action of the infill, which seems to have the function of stopping the propagation of cracks. This has a positive effect on the overall behavior of 3D printed earthen elements, since it avoids the onset of dilative behavior in the final stages of the load test and maintains ultimate load values higher than 50% of the maximum load.

Characterization of HVOF Sprayed Al2O3 - CeO2 Coatings Deposited on Mg Az 91 Alloy

Al2O3, Al2O3-10%CeO2 and Al2O3 – 20% CeO2 coatings were deposited on Mg AZ91 alloy by High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) process. The microstructure of deposited coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Nano-indentation tests were performed on deposited coatings to determine its load bearing capacity and elastic recovery. Al2O3 coatings exhibited coarse grain structure with porous sites. While addition of CeO2 promoted grain refinement in the coatings. A load of 100mN was applied on all the samples for nano-indentation test. Coating with 20%CeO2 exhibited maximum load bearing capacity of 98.7mN with elastic recovery displacement of 1000 nm.

Investigation of the adherence between clay blocks and grouts

This study aims to evaluate the adherence between clay blocks and grouts. For this purpose, push-out and pull-out tests were performed to assess the adherence presented by different combinations of five types of clay blocks and two types of grouts. The results demonstrated that the geometry of the cells of the clay blocks has a preponderant role in their adherence with grout, as the extent of the contact area between grout and block depends on the geometry of the cell. The shrinkage of the grout can cause the formation of cracks at the interface between block and grout, reducing the adherence between the materials. The shrinkage formed inside each type of block can be estimated based on the testing procedure developed in this research and used in conjunction with the geometric characteristics of the cells of the blocks to estimate the maximum load in the push-out tests. The test procedure developed to estimate the percentage of contact area lost due to grouts shrinkage shows to be promising, since its results were used in the equation to estimate the bond strength between blocks and grouts and shown good correlation. However, more study must be done because there are other variables that can affect the results. These results show that it is possible to use different characteristics of blocks and grouts to increase the adherence between these materials and provide a better behavior for reinforced masonry structures. However, it looks like if block types with a grooved hollow cell are used, a bigger contact surface is produced, and a higher bond strength appears to be assured.