SMA-Based Hydraulic Switching Valve

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Nalbach ◽  
Paul Motzki ◽  
Stefan Seelecke
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Magnetic Actuator ◽  
Switching Valve ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Spring Force ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Future Work

Hydraulic switching valves are vital components commonly used in hydraulic applications. In a simple configuration, the valve has two states, open and closed. A spring pushes a spool into its first position and typically an electro-magnetic actuator working against the spring force is used to pull the spool into its second position. Shape Memory Alloys (SMA’s) are known as actuators with very high energy density. This fact allows for the construction of very light weight and compact systems. The focus of this work is to replace the traditionally used electro-magnetic actuator in a hydraulic switching valve with an SMA wire actuator. This will allow for a reduction in the construction space and weight of the switching valve. This work begins with an evaluation of the force and stroke requirements of a commercially available magnetic valve. Based on this information a new valve design using SMA wires is constructed to meet the same performance requirements. Once designed and fabricated, the SMA based valve is evaluated with respect to force and stroke. Finally both valves are arranged with other hydraulic components in a test station for direct performance comparison. The results concerning the hydraulic parameters like pressure and flow rate are compared to the conventional valve. In conclusion, the experimental results are displayed and an outlook on future work and possible application scenarios is given.

scholarly journals The Far-Infrared emission of the first (z ∼ 6) massive galaxies

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S352) ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
George H. Rieke ◽  
Maria Emilia De Rossi ◽  
Irene Shivaei ◽  
Volker Bromm ◽  
Jianwei Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Dust ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Infrared Emission ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Massive Galaxies ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Lower Redshift

AbstractThe first massive galaxies (z ∼ 6) have (1) very high energy density due to their small diameters and extreme luminosities in young stars and (2) interstellar dust relatively deficient in carbon compared with silicates. Both of these attributes should raise their interstellar dust temperatures compared with lower redshift galaxies. Not only is this temperature trend observed, but the high-z spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are very broad due to very warm dust. As a result total infrared luminosities – and star formation rates – at the highest redshifts estimated by fitting blackbodies to submm- and mm-wave observations can be low by a factor of ∼2.

Design of Pressure Vessel Cascades for Electromagnetic Launchers

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-331
Author(s):  
E. P. Fahrenthold
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Pulsed Power ◽  
Power Supplies ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Electromagnetic Launchers ◽  
Electromagnetic Launcher ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Very High

The relatively recent development of very high-energy density pulsed power supplies has motivated a renewed interest in the structural design of electromagnetic launchers. Cascade design electromagnetic launcher pressure vessels offer convenient maintenance access to high wear rate components of the structure while satisfying an unusual combination of electromagnetic, strength, and preloading constraints imposed on the system designer. Analysis for design of such structures focuses on the accurate characterization of fluid-structure interaction under dynamic asymmetric loading.

scholarly journals Conceptual design of a 170-MJ hydrogen fluoride laser for fusion

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Coupling Efficiency ◽  
Optical Breakdown ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Gain Medium ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Laser Medium ◽  
Laser Fusion ◽  
Very High Energy

We have completed the conceptual design of a 170-MJ laser system consisting of two identical, opposing, 0·4 M-litre, 84-MJ HF subsystems, which together deliver 105 ‘useful’ MJ in 50 ns (FWHM duration) to a laser-fusion target during its hydrodynamic drive interval. We achieved extreme design simplicity by eliminating most optics, using an inexpensive, very-high-energy-density gain medium, propagating the laser beam at the maximum fluence permitted by optical breakdown in the laser medium, and by using replicated simple subsystems for pulsed power. The infrared spectrum of the HF laser lies outside the ultraviolet range favored by the U.S. laser fusion program for optimum target coupling efficiency. However, the laser architecture we describe is an alternative for laser fusion systems which offers dramatic improvements in simplicity, compactness, and efficiency, which advantages will be even more pronounced when equally efficient, visible-wavelength chemical lasers become available.

Applications of very high‐energy density electrostrictive ceramics for underwater projectors

1991 ◽  
Vol 89 (4B) ◽  
pp. 1858-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Ritter ◽  
S. M. Pilgrim ◽  
P. Kuhn ◽  
S. R. Winzer ◽  
J. Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Very High

On the Surface Chemical Aspects of Very High Energy Density, Rechargeable Li–Sulfur Batteries

2009 ◽  
Vol 156 (8) ◽  
pp. A694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doron Aurbach ◽  
Elad Pollak ◽  
Ran Elazari ◽  
Gregory Salitra ◽  
C. Scordilis Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Surface Chemical ◽  
Very High Energy ◽  
Very High

NUCLEAR STOPPING POWER IN NUCLEON-NUCLEUS AND NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS

1989 ◽  
Vol 04 (20) ◽  
pp. 1965-1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Y. WONG
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Matter ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mass Region ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
Nuclear Stopping ◽  
Very High Energy

The nuclear stopping power, as revealed by nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions, indicates that the incident nuclear matter loses a substantial fraction of its energy in the collision process. As this energy lost by the nuclear matter is converted into the energy of the hadron matter produced in the center-of-mass region, the nuclear stopping process in high-energy heavy-ion collisions appears to be an excellent tool to produce regions of very high energy density, with a possibility of leading to the formation of a quark-gluon plasma.

scholarly journals Review—Carbon Electrodes in Magnesium Sulphur Batteries: Performance Comparison of Electrodes and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utkarsh Chadha ◽  
Preetam Bhardwaj ◽  
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban ◽  
Dikshita Kabra ◽  
Garima Pareek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Practical Implementation

Abstract Magnesium-sulfur batteries have developed as a new and emerging technology benefiting from high energy density, low cost, reasonable safety, and excellent energy storage due to the high natural abundance of electrochemically active materials and low dendrite formation in magnesium. Here we report various enhancement strategies and also focus on using carbon electrodes, coating layers of carbon over the cathodes, carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide, graphene-carbon nanotubes in magnesium-sulfur batteries because of its high conductivity and improved overall electrochemical functioning of the magnesium-sulfur battery. However, developing these batteries remains challenging due to significant problems caused during theirs operation, such as self-discharge, Mg-anode passivation, insufficient reversible capacity, low sulfur cathode utilization, and rapid capacity loss. We acknowledge the synthesis of non-nucleophilic electrolytes, both situ characterizations of anode or electrode reactions and kinetics, strategic development of sulfur-based cathodes and carbon electrode in Mg-S battery as a critical factor toward improvement in cycle performance, specific capacity, overpotential and working voltage, and confinement of Mg-PS polysulfide, to limit the shuttling of polysulphides, steady accumulation and desolvation of magnesium divalent ions to create a magnesium-conducting surface electrode interphase(SEI). We also present a detailed description of the Mg-S battery, its challenges, future research directions for the practical implementation of the various developed electrolyte and electrodes

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