Precision shaping, assembly and metrology of foil optics for x-ray reflection gratings

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. Forest ◽  
Mark L. Schattenburg ◽  
Carl G. Chen ◽  
Ralf K. Heilmann ◽  
Paul T. Konkola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Reflection Gratings

scholarly journals ESA’s X-Ray Astronomy Mission, XMM

1990 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
B.G. Taylor ◽  
A. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Resolving Power ◽  
Science Program ◽  
Eccentric Orbit ◽  
Ccd Cameras ◽  
Optical Telescope ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Medium Resolution ◽  
Reflection Gratings ◽  
Better Than

AbstractESA’s X-ray Astronomy Mission, XMM, scheduled for launch in 1998, is the second of four cornerstones of ESA’s long term science program Horizon 2000. Covering the range from about 0.1 to 10 keV, it will provide a high throughput of 5000 cm2 at 7 keV with three independant telescopes, and have a spatial resolution better than 30 arcsec. Broadband spectrophotometry is provided by CCD cameras while reflection gratings provide medium resolution spectroscopy (resolving power of about 400) in the range 0.3–3 keV. Long uninterrupted observations will be made from the 24 hr period, highly eccentric orbit, reaching a sensitivity approaching 10−15 erg cm−2 s−1 in one orbit. A 30 cm UV/optical telescope is bore-sighted with the x-ray telescopes to provide simultaneous optical counterparts to the numerous serendipitous X-ray sources which will be detected during every observation.

scholarly journals Binary Amplitude Reflection Gratings for X-ray Shearing and Hartmann Wavefront Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Goldberg ◽  
Antoine Wojdyla ◽  
Diane Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Wavefront Aberration ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Wavefront Sensors ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Class ◽  
Coherent Wave ◽  
Reflection Gratings ◽  
Dynamic Operating

New, high-coherent-flux X-ray beamlines at synchrotron and free-electron laser light sources rely on wavefront sensors to achieve and maintain optimal alignment under dynamic operating conditions. This includes feedback to adaptive X-ray optics. We describe the design and modeling of a new class of binary-amplitude reflective gratings for shearing interferometry and Hartmann wavefront sensing. Compact arrays of deeply etched gratings illuminated at glancing incidence can withstand higher power densities than transmission membranes and can be designed to operate across a broad range of photon energies with a fixed grating-to-detector distance. Coherent wave-propagation is used to study the energy bandwidth of individual elements in an array and to set the design parameters. We observe that shearing operates well over a ±10% bandwidth, while Hartmann can be extended to ±30% or more, in our configuration. We apply this methodology to the design of a wavefront sensor for a soft X-ray beamline operating from 230 eV to 1400 eV and model shearing and Hartmann tests in the presence of varying wavefront aberration types and magnitudes.

Optical and x-ray alignment approaches for off-plane reflection gratings

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Allured ◽  
Benjamin D. Donovan ◽  
Casey T. DeRoo ◽  
Hannah R. Marlowe ◽  
Randall L. McEntaffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Reflection Gratings

X-ray multilayer-coated reflection gratings: theory and applications

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Neviere ◽  
Antonius J. F. den Boggende
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Title X ◽  
Reflection Gratings

Blazed x-ray reflection gratings fabricated by electron beam lithography

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 4266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Andersson ◽  
J. Romijn ◽  
E. van der Drift
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reflection Gratings

On the advantages of operation in second-order diffraction of blazed gratings in soft X-ray monochromators

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1587-1591
Author(s):  
Werner Jark
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Order Diffraction ◽  
Reflection Gratings ◽  
Grazing Angles ◽  
Sawtooth Profile

The fact that a diffraction grating can provide twofold-smaller bandwidth when operated in second-order diffraction is long known and applied routinely in the laboratory for spectroscopy in the visible and ultraviolet spectral range. A similar routine operation in monochromators for the soft X-ray range is not reported yet. This study will thus address the feasibility of efficient diffraction of soft X-rays in the second order at reflection gratings when operated at grazing angles of incidence. The related systematic study could make profitable use of a recently introduced simple analytical equation for the prediction of the diffraction efficiency of blazed gratings with an ideal sawtooth profile. The predictions are then verified by use of rigorous calculations. The principle finding is that, by operation of gratings with lower groove densities, and thus with higher efficiencies, in higher order diffraction, one can extend the tuning in existing instruments with mechanical/optical limitations to larger photon energies. The performance in terms of transmission and spectral resolving power can be very similar to the performance of a grating with a larger groove density, which would otherwise have to be used for accessing the same energy range. This would allow operation of a single highly efficient grating over a larger photon energy interval at a modern synchrotron radiation source, e.g. from 0.3 to 2.2 keV. Without any requirement for a sophisticated grating exchange scheme, a related instrument promises to be sufficiently stable for the needs imposed by the improvements in source point stability at diffraction-limited storage rings.

Grating Alignment for the Water Recovery X-Ray Rocket (WRXR)

2019 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950009 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Tutt ◽  
Randall L. McEntaffer ◽  
Drew M. Miles ◽  
Benjamin D. Donovan ◽  
Christopher Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Supernova Remnant ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Alignment Method ◽  
Environmental Testing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Systematic Uncertainties ◽  
Reflection Gratings ◽  
Moderate Resolution

High-resolution, high-throughput soft X-ray spectroscopy using reflection gratings has the potential to unlock answers to many of the questions about the high-energy Universe. To enable missions to use this technology in the future, the ability to precisely align reflection gratings needs to be demonstrated. The Water Recovery X-ray Rocket (WRXR), a soft X-ray spectrometer that successfully launched in April 2018 from the Kwajalein Atoll, required co-aligned X-ray reflection gratings. WRXR was designed to produce a moderate-resolution spectrum of the Vela supernova remnant over a large field-of-view. The grating module was manufactured, integrated onto the rocket payload, passed environmental testing and was successfully launched and recovered. This paper describes the grating and mirror alignment methodologies for WRXR, and their inherent systematic uncertainties. Improvements to the alignment method that are required to meet the tighter alignment tolerances of future X-ray spectrometers are also discussed.

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