Moving average fields, macro-scale response measures, and homogenizing micro-scale variation

Targeted therapy aims to block tumor-driving signaling pathways and is generally based on analysis of one primary tumor (PT) biopsy. Tumor heterogeneity within PT and between PT and metastatic breast lesions may, however, impact the effect of a chosen therapy. Whereas studies are available that investigate genetic heterogeneity, we present results on phenotypic heterogeneity by analyzing the variation in the functional activity of signal transduction pathways, using an earlier developed platform to measure such activity from mRNA measurements of pathways’ direct target genes. Statistical analysis comparing macro-scale variation in pathway activity on up to five spatially distributed PT tissue blocks (n = 35), to micro-scale variation in activity on four adjacent samples of a single PT tissue block (n = 17), showed that macro-scale variation was not larger than micro-scale variation, except possibly for the PI3K pathway. Simulations using a “checkerboard clone-size” model showed that multiple small clones could explain the higher micro-scale variation in activity found for the TGFβ and Hedgehog pathways, and that intermediate/large clones could explain the possibly higher macro-scale variation of the PI3K pathway. While within PT, pathway activities presented a highly positive correlation, correlations weakened between PT and lymph node metastases (n = 9), becoming even worse for PT and distant metastases (n = 9), including a negative correlation for the ER pathway. While analysis of multiple sub-samples of a single biopsy may be sufficient to predict PT response to targeted therapies, metastatic breast cancer treatment prediction requires analysis of metastatic biopsies. Our findings on phenotypic intra-tumor heterogeneity are compatible with emerging ideas on a Big Bang type of cancer evolution in which macro-scale heterogeneity appears not dominant.

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2D-wavelet based micro and macro texture analysis for asphalt pavement under snow or ice condition

Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience ◽

10.1186/s43065-021-00029-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Feng Li ◽

Gulnigar Ablat ◽

Siqi Zhou ◽

Yixin Liu ◽

Yufeng Bi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wavelet Transform ◽

Asphalt Pavement ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Braking System ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Texture Characteristics ◽

The Mean ◽

Resistance Performance

AbstractIn ice and snow weather, the surface texture characteristics of asphalt pavement change, which will significantly affect the skid resistance performance of asphalt pavement. In this study, five asphalt mixture types of AC-5, AC-13, AC-16, SMA-13, SMA-16 were prepared under three conditions of the original state, ice and snow. In this paper, a 2D-wavelet transform approach is proposed to characterize the micro and macro texture of pavement. The Normalized Energy (NE) is proposed to describe the pavement texture quantitatively. Compared with the mean texture depth (MTD), NE has the advantages of full coverage, full automation and wide analytical scale. The results show that snow increases the micro-scale texture because of its fluffiness, while the formation of the ice sheets on the surface reduces the micro-scale texture. The filling effect of snow and ice reduces the macro-scale texture of the pavement surface. In a follow-up study, the 2D-wavelet transform approach can be applied to improve the intelligent driving braking system, which can provide pavement texture information for the safe braking strategy of driverless vehicles.

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Spatial-Pattern-Induced Evolution of a Self-Replicating Loop Network

Artificial Life ◽

10.1162/artl.2006.12.4.461 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 461-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Keisuke Suzuki ◽

Takashi Ikegami

Keyword(s):

Pattern Formation ◽

Spatial Pattern ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Spiral Structure ◽

Scale Interactions ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Loop Network ◽

Spatial Pattern Formation

We study a system of self-replicating loops in which interaction rules between individuals allow competition that leads to the formation of a hypercycle-like network. The main feature of the model is the multiple layers of interaction between loops, which lead to both global spatial patterns and local replication. The network of loops manifests itself as a spiral structure from which new kinds of self-replicating loops emerge at the boundaries between different species. In these regions, larger and more complex self-replicating loops live for longer periods of time, managing to self-replicate in spite of their slower replication. Of particular interest is how micro-scale interactions between replicators lead to macro-scale spatial pattern formation, and how these macro-scale patterns in turn perturb the micro-scale replication dynamics.

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Experimental study of the effects of wire EDM on the characteristics of ferritic steel, at a micro-scale on the contour cut surface

Metallurgical Research & Technology ◽

10.1051/metal/2018032 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 413

Author(s):

Nida Naveed

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Surface Damage ◽

Cutting Process ◽

Contour Method ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Cut Surface

This study, on a micro-scale, of the WEDM cut surfaces of specimens to which the contour method of residual stress measurement is being applied provides detailed information about the effects of the cutting process on the surface quality. This is defined by a combination of several parameters: variation in surface contour profile, sub-surface damage and surface texture. Measurements were taken at the start, the middle and at the end of the cut. This study shows that during WEDM cutting, a thin layer, extending to a depth of a few micrometres below the surface of the cut, is transformed. This layer is known as the recast layer. Using controlled-depth etching and X-ray diffraction, it is shown that this induces an additional tensile residual stress, parallel to the plane of the cut surface. The WEDM cut surface and sub-surface characteristics are also shown to vary along the length of the cut. Moreover, these micro-scale changes were compared with macro-scale residual stress results and provides an indication of the point at which the changes occurred by cutting process can be significantly relative to the macro-scale residual stress in a specimen.

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On the Two-Scale Modelling of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Tilted-Pad Bearings

Lubricants ◽

10.3390/lubricants6030078 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 78 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gregory de Boer ◽

Andreas Almqvist

Keyword(s):

Surface Topography ◽

Load Capacity ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽

Multiscale Methods ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Real Surface ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Heterogeneous Multiscale

A two-scale method for modelling the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) of tilted-pad bearings is derived and a range of solutions are presented. The method is developed from previous publications and is based on the Heterogeneous Multiscale Methods (HMM). It facilitates, by means of homogenization, incorporating the effects of surface topography in the analysis of tilted-pad bearings. New to this article is the investigation of three-dimensional bearings, including the effects of both ideal and real surface topographies, micro-cavitation, and the metamodeling procedure used in coupling the problem scales. Solutions for smooth bearing surfaces, and under pure hydrodynamic operating conditions, obtained with the present two-scale EHL model, demonstrate equivalence to those obtained from well-established homogenization methods. Solutions obtained for elastohydrodynamic operating conditions, show a dependency of the solution to the pad thickness and load capacity of the bearing. More precisely, the response for the real surface topography was found to be stiffer in comparison to the ideal. Micro-scale results demonstrate periodicity of the flow and surface topography and this is consistent with the requirements of the HMM. The means of selecting micro-scale simulations based on intermediate macro-scale solutions, in the metamodeling approach, was developed for larger dimensionality and subsequent calibration. An analysis of the present metamodeling approach indicates improved performance in comparison to previous studies.

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A SIZE EFFECT STUDY ON THE SPLITTING CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN OFF-AXIS LAYERS OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES

10.12783/asc36/35781 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

YAO QIAO ◽

QIWEI ZHANG ◽

TROY NAKAGAWA ◽

MARCO SALVIATO

Keyword(s):

Crack Initiation ◽

Size Effect ◽

Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽

Structural Behavior ◽

Crack Initiation And Propagation ◽

Damage Mechanisms ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Initiation And Propagation ◽

Macro Scale

This work proposes an investigation on size effects in micro-scale splitting crack initiation and propagation and their consequences on the macro-scale structural behavior carbon-fiber reinforced polymers under transverse tension. Towards this goal, size effect tests were experimentally conducted on both notch-free [90]n composites and specimens with different notch types under three-point bending. The mechanical tests were followed by morphological studies to identify the micro-scale damage mechanisms and their evolution. The results clearly show that splitting crack initiation in the transverse direction of composites not only happens at the fiber/matrix interface but also in the matrix. Moreover, the subsequent development of these damage mechanisms can depend on the structure size. This interesting phenomenon inherently leads to size-dependent structural behavior which can be described through Baznt’s Size Effect Laws. This study on the splitting crack initiation and propagation can provide unprecedented information for the calibration and validation of micromechanical models for the damage behavior of fiber composites at the microscale.

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Generation and Enforcement of Process-Driven Manufacturability Constraints: A Survey of Methods and Perspectives for Product Design

Journal of Mechanical Design ◽

10.1115/1.4050740 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-33

Author(s):

Albert Patterson ◽

Yong Hoon Lee ◽

James T. Allison

Keyword(s):

General Solution ◽

Design For Manufacturing ◽

Top Down ◽

Specific Process ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Component Design ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Simple Mass ◽

Common Problems ◽

Scale Design

Abstract Design-for-manufacturing (DFM) concepts have traditionally focused on design simplification; this is highly effective for relatively simple, mass-produced products, but tends to be too restrictive for more complex designs. Effort in recent decades has focused on creating methods for generating and imposing specific, process-derived technical manufacturability constraints for some common problems. This paper presents an overview of the problem and its design implications, a discussion of the nature of the manufacturability constraints, and a survey of the existing approaches and methods for generating/enforcing the minimally-restrictive manufacturability constraints within several design domains. Five major design perspectives or viewpoints were included in the study, including the system design (top-down), product/component design (bottom-up), the manufacturing process-dominant case (product/component design under a specific process), the part-redesign perspective, and sustainability perspective. Manufacturability constraints within four design levels or scales were explored as well, ranging from macro-scale to sub-micro-scale design. Very little previous work was found in many areas, but it is clear from the existing literature that the problem and a general solution to it are very important to explore further in future DFM efforts.

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Micro-scale tearing mode turbulence in the diffusion region during macro-scale evolution of turbulent reconnection

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-827 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Takuma Nakamura ◽

Hiroshi Hasegawa ◽

Tai Phan ◽

Kevin Genestreti ◽

Richard Denton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

Magnetic Reconnection ◽

Diffusion Region ◽

Electron Diffusion ◽

Efficient Energy ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Island Evolution ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Scale Evolution

<p>Magnetic reconnection is a key fundamental process in collisionless plasmas that explosively converts magnetic energy to plasma kinetic and thermal energies through a change of magnetic field topology in an electron-scale central region called the electron diffusion region. Past simulations and observations demonstrated that this process causes efficient energy conversion through the formation of multiple macro-scale or micro-scale magnetic islands/flux ropes. However, how these different spatiotemporal scale phenomena are coupled is still poorly understood. In this study, to investigate the turbulent evolution of magnetic reconnection, we perform a new large-scale fully kinetic simulation of a thin current sheet considering a power-law spectrum of initial fluctuations in the magnetic field as frequently observed in the Earth&#8217;s magnetotail. The simulation demonstrates that during a macro-scale evolution of turbulent reconnection, the merging of macro-scale islands results in reduction of the rate of reconnection as well as the aspect ratio of the electron diffusion region. This allows the repeated, quick formation of new electron-scale islands within the electron diffusion region, leading to an efficient energy cascade between macro- and micro-scales. The simulation also demonstrates that a strong electron acceleration/heating occurs during the micro-scale island evolution within the EDR. These new findings indicate the importance of non-steady features of the EDR to comprehensively understand the energy conversion and cascade processes in collisionless reconnection.</p>

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Micro-Scale Acoustic Streaming Pump Performance Characteristics

10.1115/imece2000-1601 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Kenneth D. Frampton ◽

Shawn E. Martin

Keyword(s):

Acoustic Streaming ◽

Excitation Amplitude ◽

Frequency Variation ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Model Compression ◽

Geometric Scaling ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Mass Flow Rates ◽

Static Head ◽

Mason’S Model

Abstract Acoustic streaming theory, applied to micro-scale pumps is presented. A mathematical model based on streaming equations and Mason’s model [9] of the piezoelectric transducer is described. Using this model, the effect of geometric scaling, frequency variation, and excitation amplitude on head and flow rate are examined. The significance of high body forces in the AC boundary layer are demonstrated, along with their effect on mass flow rates for small geometries. It is shown that flow velocities are inversely proportional to the flow tube diameter for small sizes. Experimental data for a macro-scale pump is provided and used to corroborate the static head versus excitation relationship predicted by the model. Compression wave acoustic streaming pumps are shown to have potential viability for micro-scale applications.

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