Low‐frequency acoustic emissions in fresh and salt water

Ali R. Kolaini; Ronald A. Roy; David L. Gardner

doi:10.1121/1.411323

Low‐frequency acoustic emissions by impacting transient cylindrical water jets in fresh and salt water

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ◽

10.1121/1.407512 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 94 (3) ◽

pp. 1891-1891

Author(s):

Ali R. Kolaini ◽

Ronald A. Roy ◽

David L. Gardner

Keyword(s):

Salt Water ◽

Acoustic Emissions ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Water Jets

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Understanding Dielectrics: Impact of External Salt Water Bath

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12122033 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2033

Author(s):

Jonathan Phillips ◽

Alexander Roman

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Power Density ◽

Parallel Plate ◽

Dielectric Material ◽

Salt Water ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Dielectric Materials ◽

Standard Theory ◽

Parallel Plate Capacitor

As predicted by the theory of super dielectric materials, simple tests demonstrate that dielectric material on the outside of a parallel plate capacitor dramatically increases capacitance, energy density, and power density. Simple parallel plate capacitors with only ambient air between the plates behaved as per standard theory. Once the same capacitor was partially submerged in deionized water (DI), or DI with low dissolved NaCl concentrations, still with only ambient air between the electrodes, the capacitance, energy density, and power density, at low frequency, increased by more than seven orders of magnitude. Notably, conventional theory precludes the possibility that material outside the volume between the plates will in any fashion impact capacitive behavior.

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Low‐frequency acoustic emissions associated with microseismic failures

10.1190/1.2792744 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Stewart Thomas Taylor

Keyword(s):

Acoustic Emissions ◽

Low Frequency

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The Influence of Salt Concentration in Injected Water on Low-Frequency Electrical-Heating-Assisted Bitumen Recovery

SPE Journal ◽

10.2118/129909-pa ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (03) ◽

pp. 548-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I.I.. I. Bogdanov ◽

J.A.. A. Torres ◽

H.A.. A. Akhlaghi ◽

A.M.. M. Kamp

Keyword(s):

Electric Conductivity ◽

Oil Recovery ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Salt Water ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Water Circulation ◽

Electrical Heating ◽

Simple Problem ◽

Field Scale ◽

Bitumen Recovery

Summary Steam injection is often not a good alternative for oil recovery from shallow bitumen reservoirs. For instance, the thin caprock creates the danger of steam breakthrough. For deeper reservoirs, the heat losses from injection wells may be prohibitive. A technology that may be better suited is oil recovery aided by low-frequency electrical heating of the reservoir. This technology, well known for environmental remedial applications, has been field tried recently, yielding promising results. The process uses electric conductivity of connate water to propagate an alternating current between electrodes, inducing the Joule heating of the reservoir. An associated problem is the appearance of hot spots around the electrodes that may be relieved by water circulation. However, the water circulation may have a significant effect on the heating process because the electric conductivity of the circulated water depends on its salt content. To find out the influence of salt concentration on process efficiency, we have studied the process of salt-water recirculation around an electrode using numerical simulation. The physical properties and operational data for Athabasca bitumen have been collected from the literature. The model built with Computer Modelling Group's STARS simulator and tested first with available analytical solutions has been validated, and the proper choice of the underlying grid and numerical tuning parameters has been verified. The process was also simulated at field scale for a common pattern of electrodes and production wells. The salt penetrated into the reservoir, far beyond the major water-circulation zone around the electrodes. This process increases the electric conductivity in a large region between electrodes, which improves the heating of the reservoir. The single-electrode simulation studies using different tools yielded similar results for a simple problem. More-complex (and more-realistic) field-scale simulations show that adding salt enhances the oil production. In practice, an upper concentration limit may be given by corrosion problems at the electrodes. The reservoir simulation of bitumen recovery assisted by low-frequency heating is a challenging multiphysics problem. The understanding of the influence of salt concentration on the circulated water provided by this work is an important key in process-design considerations.

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Low‐frequency acoustic emissions of a plunging water jet. Part II. Theory

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ◽

10.1121/1.423659 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. 1749-1749

Author(s):

Thomas R. Hahn ◽

Thomas K. Berger ◽

Michael J. Buckingham

Keyword(s):

Acoustic Emissions ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Water Jet ◽

Plunging Water Jet

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Low‐frequency acoustic emissions of a plunging water jet. Part I. Experiment

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ◽

10.1121/1.423658 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. 1749-1749

Author(s):

Thomas K. Berger ◽

Thomas R. Hahn ◽

Michael J. Buckingham

Keyword(s):

Acoustic Emissions ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Water Jet ◽

Plunging Water Jet

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Crosswell electromagnetic tomography: System design considerations and field results

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1443823 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 871-885 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

M. J. Wilt ◽

D. L. Alumbaugh ◽

H. F. Morrison ◽

A. Becker ◽

K. H. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Salt Water ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Test Site ◽

Petroleum Reservoir ◽

British Petroleum ◽

Water Conductivity ◽

Initial Field ◽

Data Set ◽

Field Station

Electrical conductivity is an important petroleum reservoir parameter because of its sensitivity to porosity, pore fluid type, and saturation. Although induction logs are widely used to obtain the conductivity near boreholes, the poor resolution offered by surface‐based electrical and electromagnetic (EM) field systems has thus far limited obtaining this information in the region between boreholes. Low‐frequency crosswell EM offers the promise of providing subsurface conductivity information at a much higher resolution than was previously possible. Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL) and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories (LBL), together with an industrial consortium, recently began a program to conduct low‐frequency crosswell EM surveys and develop suitable inversion techniques for interpreting the data. In developing the field instrumentation we used off‐the‐shelf components whenever possible, but custom‐designed induction coil transmitters and receivers were built for the field experiments. The assembled field system has adequate power for moderate to high‐resolution imaging, using boreholes spaced up to 500 m apart. The initial field experiment was undertaken in flat lying terrain at the British Petroleum test site in Devine, Texas. Using wells spaced 100 m apart, we collected a complete crosswell EM data set encompassing a 30 m thick, 10 ohm‐m limestone layer at a depth of 600 m. The resulting profiles were repeatable to within 1% and showed an excellent sensitivity to the layered structure, closely matching the borehole induction resisitivity log. At the UC Richmond field station, crosswell EM measurements were made to track an injected slug of salt water. Conductivity images of data collected before and after injection showed a clear anomaly as a result of the salt water plume and indicated that the plume had migrated in a northerly direction from the injection borehole.

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