scholarly journals Negative dominance and dominance-by-dominance epistatic effects reduce grain-yield heterosis in wide crosses in wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. eaay4897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp H. G. Boeven ◽  
Yusheng Zhao ◽  
Patrick Thorwarth ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Hans Peter Maurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Hybrid Wheat ◽  
Wide Crosses ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Negative Dominance ◽  
Global Food

The genetics underlying heterosis, the difference in performance of crosses compared with midparents, is hypothesized to vary with relatedness between parents. We established a unique germplasm comprising three hybrid wheat sets differing in the degree of divergence between parents and devised a genetic distance measure giving weight to heterotic loci. Heterosis increased steadily with heterotic genetic distance for all 1903 hybrids. Midparent heterosis, however, was significantly lower in the hybrids including crosses between elite and exotic lines than in crosses among elite lines. The analysis of the genetic architecture of heterosis revealed this to be caused by a higher portion of negative dominance and dominance-by-dominance epistatic effects. Collectively, these results expand our understanding of heterosis in crops, an important pillar toward global food security.

East versus West: acceptance of GM foods by European and Asian consumers

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 628-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Bongoni
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Gm Food ◽  
Gm Foods ◽  
Consumer Demands ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Asian Consumers ◽  
Global Food

Purpose Contemporary business is rather global. Food imports and exports are expanding beyond borders to meet increasing domestic and international food and consumer demands. Genetically modified (GM) food emerged as a potential sustainable solution which aims at meeting consumer demands and to mitigate urgent global food security problem. Because of its nature of existence, GM food is a controversial topic in several countries and has varied acceptance rates by consumers. Both government and consumers are antagonistic towards GM foods in most European countries. In contrast, most Asian consumers are neutral and so do not oppose GM foods. The purpose of this viewpoint paper is to examine the factors determining the difference in acceptance of GM foods between cultures. Such information can facilitate policy implications for governments in global agri-food trade and for producers in segregating markets. Design/methodology/approach Extensive literature review is done to base the discussions of this viewpoint paper. Findings This paper presents five factors that describe the difference in acceptance of GM foods between Europeans and Asians: knowledge and trust over the institutions performing research, uncertainty avoidance and health, gender differences, risk perception and material benefits and food for survival. Originality/value There is no systematic study that compares factors determining acceptance of GM foods across cultures.

scholarly journals Food Waste Loss Trend Index (FWLTI), A New Tool to Enable Management Decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
János Zachár
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Member States ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Innovative Tool ◽  
Food Losses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Global Food

The main purpose of this research is to work out a new, innovative tool to describe trends of food waste and loss (FWL) in the food industry. The result can help evaluate efforts for lowering wastes. FWL prevention recently gained much attention and priority among governments and international organizations as a major means to achieve global food security and sustainability; this led to the very ambitious UN goal SDG 12.3, which aims to halve global food losses by 2030. It is an ethical obligation to achieve SDGs by 2030. It is not declared in law and is not required for profitability in the food industry. A new tool is proposed to evaluate efforts to halve food losses in this article, which one may be used in leadership easily and effectively. At first, FWL definitions were analyzed to get a clear picture of the content of FWL data sourced from FAOSTAT and EUROSTAT. These definitions were compared with others from different sources. It is concluded that we have so many different definitions for FWL because of the difference in the purpose of data collecting. The most justified definition – often newly created – is used in each case. FWL data received from FAOSTAT and EUROSTAT in the period of 2010 − 2018 were compared to find the correlation. It is inverse and very weak, so they are not comparable; they must be evaluated separately. The trend of the FWL data is increasing and is not significant on level 95% in EUROSTAT, and decreasing and important on level 95% in FAOSTAT, from 2010 to 2018. FWL data from EUROSTAT are in moderate correlation with GDP and HDI. A new index, Food Waste Loss Trend Index (FWLTI), was created to evaluate FWL in EU member states and analyzed them with cluster analyses and scatterplots. There was no connection among the EU28 member states with FWLTI, so every member state is an individual case; there are no standard rules for FLW generation.

Substantial genetic yield gap estimated for wheat in Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Semenov ◽  
Nimai Senapati
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Global Food

<p>Improving yield potential and closing the yield gap are important to achieve global food security. Europe is the largest wheat producer, delivering about 35% of wheat globally, but European wheat's yield potential from genetic improvements is as yet unknown. We estimated wheat ‘genetic yield potential’, i.e. the yield of optimal or ideal genotypes in a target environment, across major wheat growing regions in Europe by designing in silico ideotypes. These ideotypes were optimised for current climatic conditions and based on optimal physiology, constrained by available genetic variation in target traits. A ‘genetic yield gap’ in a location was estimated as the difference between the yield potential of the optimal ideotype compared with a current, well-adapted cultivar. A large mean genetic yield potential (11–13 t ha−1) and genetic yield gap (3.5–5.2 t ha−1) were estimated under rainfed conditions in Europe. In other words, despite intensive wheat breeding efforts, current local cultivars were found to be far from their optimum, meaning that a large genetic yield gap still exists in European wheat. Heat and drought tolerance around flowering, optimal canopy structure and phenology, improved root water uptake and reduced leaf senescence under drought were identified as key traits for improvement. Closing this unexploited genetic yield gap in Europe through crop improvements and genetic adaptations could contribute towards global food security.</p>

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY AMID THE GLOBAL CRISIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 134-141
Author(s):  
P. M. TARANOV ◽  
◽  
A. S. PANASYUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Food Problem ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Food Security Indicators ◽  
Security Indicators ◽  
Global Food

The authors assess the prospects for solving the global food problem based on an analysis of the dynamics of food security indicators at the global and regional levels. The global food problem at work refers to the growing population of a planet affected by hunger and other forms of malnutrition. The food security situation has worsened for five years - in 2015–2019, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the food supply problem. The prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity has affected more than 25% of the world's population. In lowincome countries, malnutrition affects more than 58% of the population. Food security is threatened by the consequences of the spread of coronavirus infection in the short term. In the medium and long term, climate change and the crisis in the governance of the world economy are the greatest threats. Modern international economic institutions are unable to withstand the prospect of declining global food security.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Distance Measure of Picture Fuzzy Sets and Its Application

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Ruirui Zhao ◽  
Minxia Luo ◽  
Shenggang Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Fuzzy Point ◽  
Point Operator ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Picture Fuzzy Sets

Picture fuzzy sets, which are the extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, can deal with inconsistent information better in practical applications. A distance measure is an important mathematical tool to calculate the difference degree between picture fuzzy sets. Although some distance measures of picture fuzzy sets have been constructed, there are some unreasonable and counterintuitive cases. The main reason is that the existing distance measures do not or seldom consider the refusal degree of picture fuzzy sets. In order to solve these unreasonable and counterintuitive cases, in this paper, we propose a dynamic distance measure of picture fuzzy sets based on a picture fuzzy point operator. Through a numerical comparison and multi-criteria decision-making problems, we show that the proposed distance measure is reasonable and effective.

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