Geographically targeted COVID-19 vaccination is more equitable and averts more deaths than age-based thresholds alone

A geographically targeted survey of potentially high-risk, adult cattle in chronic wasting disease (CWD)–endemic areas in Colorado was initiated to assess the possibility of the spread of CWD from deer to cattle under natural conditions. Surveyed cattle were sympatric with free-roaming deer in geographically defined areas where CWD occurs and where CWD prevalence has been estimated. To qualify for inclusion in the survey, cattle had to be at least 4 years old and had to have spent a minimum of 4 years in surveyed areas. Brains from culled cattle were examined microscopically and immunohistochemically for tissue alterations indicative of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Two hundred sixty-two brains were suitable for evaluation and were found to lack changes indicative of a TSE infection. Prion deposition was not demonstrable using a method involving formic acid and proteinase-K treatment before application of monoclonal antibody to bovine prion protein (F99/97.6.1). Some incidental neuropathologic changes unrelated to those of TSEs were detected. Findings from this study suggest that large-scale spread of CWD from deer to cattle under natural range conditions in CWD-endemic areas of northeast Colorado is unlikely.

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When Formulas Go Political: The Curious Case of Japan's Financial Index

Japanese Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s1468109917000093 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 407-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

TAYLOR C. MCMICHAEL

Keyword(s):

Economic Indicators ◽

Distributive Politics ◽

Significant Determinant ◽

Intergovernmental Transfers ◽

General Account ◽

Electoral Support ◽

Level Data ◽

Financial Index ◽

Geographically Targeted

AbstractScholars of distributive politics in Japan have shifted from large items in the general account budget to more geographically targeted spending known as intergovernmental transfers. However, a portion of the funds sent to prefectural governments are ostensibly determined by the apolitical ‘financial index’. However, even though the financial index is included in most studies of intergovernmental transfers, only slight attention focuses on the financial index and its determination. Using prefectural level data on intergovernmental transfers, economic indicators and electoral support for the LDP, this research shows that the LDP possesses strong incentives to manipulate the index and that politics is a significant determinant of the financial index.

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The global, regional, and national burden of acute pancreatitis in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-01906-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chang-li Li ◽

Meng Jiang ◽

Chun-qiu Pan ◽

Jian Li ◽

Li-gang Xu

Keyword(s):

Acute Pancreatitis ◽

Gastrointestinal Disease ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Global Age ◽

National Burden ◽

Geographically Targeted ◽

Disease Study ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Standardized Mortality Rate

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis is a common and potentially lethal gastrointestinal disease, but literatures for the disease burden are scarce for many countries. Understanding the current burden of acute pancreatitis and the different trends across various countries is essential for formulating effective preventive intervenes. We aimed to report the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by acute pancreatitis in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019. Methods Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) were used to analyze the epidemiology of acute pancreatitis at the global, regional, and national levels. We also reported the correlation between development status and acute pancreatitis’ age-standardized DALY rates, and calculated DALYs attributable to alcohol etiology that had evidence of causation with acute pancreatitis. All of the estimates were shown as counts and age-standardized rates per 100,000 person-years. Results There were 2,814,972.3 (95% UI 2,414,361.3–3,293,591.8) incident cases of acute pancreatitis occurred in 2019 globally; 1,273,955.2 (1,098,304.6–1,478,594.1) in women and 1,541,017.1 (1,307,264.4–1,814,454.3) in men. The global age-standardized incidence rate declined from 37.9/100,000 to 34.8/100,000 during 1990–2019, an annual decrease of 8.4% (5.9–10.4%). In 2019, there were 115,053.2 (104,304.4–128,173.4) deaths and 3,641,105.7 (3,282,952.5–4,026,948.1) DALYs due to acute pancreatitis. The global age-standardized mortality rate decreased by 17.2% (6.6–27.1%) annually from 1.7/100,000 in 1990 to 1.4/100,000 in 2019; over the same period, the age-standardized DALY rate declined by 17.6% (7.8–27.0%) annually. There were substantial differences in the incidence, mortality and DALYs across regions. Alcohol etiology attributed to a sizable fraction of acute pancreatitis-related deaths, especially in the high and high-middle SDI regions. Conclusion Substantial variation existed in the burden of acute pancreatitis worldwide, and the overall burden remains high with aging population. Geographically targeted considerations are needed to tailor future intervenes to relieve the burden of acute pancreatitis in specific countries, especially for Eastern Europe.

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Household Targeting in Geographically Targeted Areas

10.2499/0896291464.appb ◽

2005 ◽

Keyword(s):

Geographically Targeted

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Policing firearm violence

Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management ◽

10.1108/pijpsm-06-2012-0048 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 70-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Brian Wyant

Keyword(s):

Design Methodology ◽

Current Method ◽

Temporal Association ◽

Content Type ◽

Firearm Violence ◽

Pair Method ◽

Micro Level ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Geographically Targeted ◽

Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to generate information about the contours of police responsiveness, focussing on how quickly and precisely police make firearm arrests after a shooting incident. Design/methodology/approach – Using a modified version of the Knox close pair method, a spatio-temporal clustering technique, over 11,000 shooting incidents and firearm arrests between 2004 and 2007 in Philadelphia, PA were analyzed. Findings – Police are responding quickly and in a geographically targeted fashion to shootings. Across Philadelphia elevated patterns of firearm arrests were approximately two and a half times greater than would be expected if shootings and firearm arrests lacked a spatio-temporal association. Greater than expected patterns of firearm arrests persisted for roughly one-fourth of a mile and for about one week from the shooting incident but the strength of these associations waned over space and time. The pattern of police response varied slightly across different police divisions. Research limitations/implications – The current method uncovered spatio-temporal patterning and determined when these patterns were significantly different from what would be expected if the events were completely independent. Specific events and processes surrounding each event are not known. Practical implications – Findings can help inform the knowledge about police behavior in terms of how police produce arrests. Originality/value – The patterns observed here provide more micro-level detail than has been revealed in previous studies regarding police responsiveness to firearm violence while also introducing a more integrated spatially and temporally specific framework.

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Multi-Level Security, Geographically Targeted Information Dissemination using Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

MILCOM 2006 ◽

10.1109/milcom.2006.302093 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Cynthia Martin ◽

Jeffrey Dunn

Keyword(s):

Information Dissemination ◽

Internet Protocol ◽

Multi Level ◽

Geographically Targeted

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Space-Time Cluster’s Detection and Geographical Weighted Regression Analysis of COVID-19 Mortality Impacts on Texas Counties

10.21203/rs.3.rs-525926/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jinting Zhang ◽

Xiu Wu ◽

T. Edwin Chow

Keyword(s):

Economic Condition ◽

Principal Component ◽

Sensitive Period ◽

Time Data ◽

Detection Analysis ◽

Five Factors ◽

Texas County ◽

Weighted Regression Analysis ◽

Geographically Targeted ◽

Data Tracking

Abstract As COVID-19 run rampant in high-density housing sites, it is important to use real-time data tracking the virus mobility. Emerging cluster detection analysis is a precise way of blunting the spread of COVID-19 as quickly as possible and save lives. To track compliable mobility of COVID-19 on a spatial-temporal scale, this research is appropriately analyzed the disparities between spatial-temporal clusters, expectation Maximization clustering (EM) and hierarchical clustering (HC) analysis on Texas county-level. Then, based on the outcome of clustering analysis, the sensitive counties are Cottle, Stonewall, Bexar, Tarrant, Dallas, Harris, Jim hogg, and Real, corresponding to South-east Texas analysis in GWR modeling. The sensitive period took place in the last two quarters in 2020. We explored Postgre application to portray tracking Covid-19 trajectory. We captured 14 social, economic, and environmental 14 impact’s indices to perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality and minimize multicollinearity. By using the PCA, we extracted five factors related to mortality of COVID-19, involved population and hospitalization, age structure, natural supply, economic condition, air quality and medical care. We established the GWR model to seek the sensitive factors. The result shows that population, hospitalization, and economic condition are the sensitive factors. Those factors also triggered high increase of COVID-19 mortality. This research provides geographical understanding and solution of controlling COVID-19, reference of implementing geographically targeted ways to track virus mobility and satisfy for the need of Emergency Operations Plan (EOP).

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Geographically Targeted Interventions versus Mass Drug Administration to Control Taenia solium Cysticercosis, Peru

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3201/eid2709.203349 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (9) ◽

pp. 2389-2398

Author(s):

Seth E. O’Neal ◽

Ian W. Pray ◽

Percy Vilchez ◽

Ricardo Gamboa ◽

Claudio Muro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Taenia Solium ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Geographically Targeted

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Human movement can inform the spatial scale of interventions against COVID-19 transmission

10.1101/2020.10.26.20219550 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hamish Gibbs ◽

Emily Nightingale ◽

Yang Liu ◽

James Cheshire ◽

Leon Danon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Spatial Scale ◽

Real Time ◽

Human Movement ◽

Spatially Explicit ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Network Community ◽

Mobility Data ◽

Geographically Targeted ◽

The Uk

AbstractThe UK enacted an intensive, nationwide lockdown on March 23 2020 to mitigate transmission of COVID-19. As restrictions began to ease, resurgence in transmission has been targeted by geographically-limited interventions of various stringencies. Determining the optimal spatial scale for local interventions is critical to ensure interventions reach the most at risk areas without unnecessarily restricting areas at low risk of resurgence. Here we use detailed human mobility data from Facebook to determine the spatially-explicit network community structure of the UK before and during the lockdown period, and how that has changed in response to the easing of restrictions and to locally-targeted interventions. We found that the mobility network became more sparse and the number of mobility communities decreased under the national lockdown. During this period, there was no evidence of re-routing in the network. Communities in which locally-targeted interventions have happened following resurgence did not show reorganization but did show small decreases in measurable mobility effects in the Facebook dataset. We propose that geographic communities detected in Facebook or other mobility data be part of decision making for determining the spatial extent or boundaries of interventions in the UK. These data are available in near real-time, and allow quantification of changes in the distribution of the population across the UK, as well as people’s travel patterns to give data-driven metrics for geographically-targeted interventions.Significance StatementLarge-scale intensive interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have affected human movement patterns. Mobility data show spatially-explicit network structure, but it is not clear if that structure changed in response to national or locally-targeted interventions. We used daily Facebook for Good mobility data to quantify changes in the travel network in the UK during the national lockdown, and in response to local interventions. The network community structure inherent in these networks can help quantify which areas are at risk of resurgence, or the extent of locally-targeted interventions aiming to suppress transmission. We showed that spatial mobility data available in real-time can give information on connectivity that can be used to optimise the scale of geographically-targeted interventions.

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