standardized mortality rate
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2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rujun Liao ◽  
Lin Hu ◽  
Qiang Liao ◽  
Tianyu Zhu ◽  
Haiqun Yang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Continuous surveillance of death can measure health status of the population, reflect social development of a region, thus promote health service development in the region and improve the health level of local residents. Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture was a poverty-stricken region in Sichuan province, China. While at the end of 2020, as the announcement of its last seven former severely impoverished counties had shaken off poverty, Liangshan declared victory against poverty. Since it is well known that the mortality and cause of death structure will undergo some undesirable changes as the economy develops, this study aimed to reveal the distribution of deaths, as well as analyze the latest mortality and death causes distribution characteristics in Liangshan in 2020, so as to provide references for the decision-making on health policies and the distribution of health resources in global poverty-stricken areas. Methods Liangshan carried out the investigation on underreporting deaths among population in its 11 counties in 2018, and combined with the partially available data from underreporting deaths investigation data in 2020 and the field experience, we have estimated the underreporting rates of death in 2020 using capture-recapture (CRC) method. The crude mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate, proportion and rank of the death causes, potential years of life lost (PYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL), potential years of life lost rate (PYLLR), standardized potential years of life lost (SPYLL), premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (premature NCD mortality), life expectancy and cause-eliminated life expectancy were estimated and corrected. Results In 2020, Liangshan reported a total of 16,850 deaths, with a crude mortality rate of 608.75/100,000 and an age-standardized mortality rate of 633.50/100,000. Male mortality was higher than female mortality, while 0-year-old mortality of men was lower than women’s. The former severely impoverished counties’ age-standardized mortality and 0-year-old mortality were higher than those of the non-impoverished counties. The main cause of death spectrum was noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and the premature NCD mortality of four major NCDs were 14.26% for the overall population, 19.16% for men and 9.27% for women. In the overall population, the top five death causes were heart diseases (112.07/100,000), respiratory diseases (105.85/100,000), cerebrovascular diseases (87.03/100,000), malignant tumors (73.92/100,000) and injury (43.89/100,000). Injury (64,216.78 person years), malignant tumors (41,478.33 person years) and heart diseases (29,647.83 person years) had the greatest burden on residents in Liangshan, and at the same time, the burden of most death causes on men were greater than those on women. The life expectancy was 76.25 years for overall population, 72.92 years for men and 80.17 years for women, respectively, all higher than the global level (73.3, 70.8 and 75.9 years). Conclusions Taking Liangshan in China as an example, this study analyzed the latest death situation in poverty-stricken areas, and proposed suggestions on the formulation of health policies in other poverty-stricken areas both at home and abroad.


Author(s):  
Zhenkun Wang ◽  
Aihua Du ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Ziwei Wang ◽  
Jifa Hu

Abstract Background Previous studies on the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were mainly based on limited data of the study period or area, or did not include detailed risk factor analysis. Objective To investigate up-to-date temporal and regional trends and risk factors of mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to CVDs by age, sex, and disease throughout the world. Methods Data for the disease burden of CVDs in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017, including mortality, DALYs, age-standardized mortality rates, and age-standardized DALY rates, were estimated from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Risk factors attributable to deaths and DALYs for CVDs were also estimated using the comparative risk assessment framework. Results The number of deaths from CVDs increased by 48.62%, from 11.94 (95% UI 11.78–12.18) million in 1990 to 17.79 (17.53–18.04) million in 2017. However, the age-standardized mortality rate decreased by an average of − 1.45% (− 1.72% to − 1.18%) annually. After fluctuation in the expected age-standardized mortality rate of CVDs in most of the socio-demographic index (SDI) scale, these rates decrease rapidly for SDI values of 0.7 and higher. In 2017, metabolic risks accounted for 73.48% of deaths and 73.25% of DALYs due to CVDs, behavioral factors accounted for 63.23% of deaths and 66.71% of attributable DALYs. Conclusion CVDs remain a major global health burden due to the increment in death numbers and DALYs. Aging and the main risk factors are the main drivers of mortality and health loss. More attention to main risk factors should be paid with supportive health policies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Sun ◽  
Siyang Chen ◽  
Ke Wu ◽  
Min Sun ◽  
Xianyan Zhang ◽  
...  

Objective: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. This study aimed to analyze the burden and 30-year trends of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in China.Methods: Data that include incidence and mortality of stroke in China from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2019 were derived from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. The absolute numbers of incident cases and deaths over the time, and age-standardized rates per 100,000, such as age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), were analyzed.Results: In 2019, there were 3.9 (95% uncertainty intervals (UI) 3.4–4.5) million incident cases and 2.1 (3.4–4.5) million deaths related to stroke in China. The ASIR and ASMR of stroke in China was 200 (176–230) and 127 (110–144). From 1990 to 2019, the ASIR of ischemic stroke had increased by 35.0% (29.0–40.0) while the ASIR of ICH and SAH had decreased by −53.0% (−56.0 to −50.0) and by −39.0% (−44.0 to −35.0), respectively. The ASMR of ischemic stroke had increased by 3.0% (−26.0 to 16.0) while the ASMR of ICH and SAH had decreased by −48.0% (−59.0 to −38.0) and by −84.0% (−89.0 to −69.0), respectively.Conclusion: Although the incidence and mortality rates of stroke in China were decreased from 1990 to 2019, the number of incident cases and deaths nearly doubled. A sharp increase in the incidence rate of ischemic stroke was observed. A higher incidence rate of ischemic stroke in the women was also observed.


BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlong Zheng ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Dezheng Wang ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
...  

Abstract Objective Compare the urban-rural disparity in cancer mortality and changing trend during the past 18 years in Tianjin, China. Methods Cancer death data were obtained from Tianjin All Cause of Death Registration System (CDRS), which covers the whole population of Tianjin. We calculated and compared the constituent ratio of cancer deaths, age-standardized mortality rate(ASR)and changing trends between urban and rural areas. Results From 1999 to 2016, a total of 245,744 cancer deaths were reported, accounting 21.7% of all deaths in Tianjin. The ASR of total cancer mortality was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. A total of 33,739 persons were avoided dying of cancers in rural area compared to the urban death level from 1999 to 2016, which was 40.1% compare to the current level of rural areas. But the gap between urban and rural areas became narrowed gradually. The urban-rural ratios (urban/rural) of total cancer mortality changed from 1.76 (125.7/71.5)[95%CI,1.67,1.84] in 1999 to 1.11 (99.6/90.0)[95%CI,1.06,1.15] in 2016. The ASR of lung, liver and esophagus cancer became higher in rural areas than in urban areas in 2016. Conclusion Cancer transition was obviously occurred in Tianjin and showed different speeds and big gap between urban and rural areas. Much more attention was needed to pay in rural areas which still have increasing trends in most cancers mortality recently.


Author(s):  
Chih-Wei Wu ◽  
Hung-Yi Chuang ◽  
Dong-Lin Tsai ◽  
Tzu-Yu Kuo ◽  
Chen-Cheng Yang ◽  
...  

Background: We conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the association between asbestos exposure and esophageal cancer. Methods: We systematically collected articles from three electronic databases and calculated the pooled standardized mortality rate (SMR) from the meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis according to the type of asbestos exposure, follow-up years, sample size, industry classification, sex, and high-dose exposure was conducted. Results: From 242 studies, 34 cohort studies were included in our meta-analysis. Pooled SMR was positively associated with asbestos exposure and esophageal cancer (pooled SMR = 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–1.38, p < 0.00001). In the subgroup analysis, (1) chrysolite, (2) four groups with follow-up over ten years, (3) the textile industry and shipyard, (4) both male and female, and (5) eight studies on highest asbestos exposure, all the subgroups showed significantly increased pooled SMRs. Conclusion: Asbestos exposure was significantly and positively associated with esophageal cancer, especially chrysolite. Considering the long latency period, we suggest that patients should be followed up for cancer, including esophageal cancer, for over ten years.


BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Fattahi ◽  
Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam ◽  
Farnam Mohebi ◽  
Negar Rezaei ◽  
Masoud Masinaei ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a burdensome, chronic and autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. We aimed to report the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of MS in Iran at a national level for different age and sex groups over a period of 28 years (1990–2017). Methods Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) from 1990 to 2017, published by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The incidence of DALYs and prevalence of MS were estimated to report the burden of MS based on sex and age in Iran from 1990 to 2017. Results At the national level, the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR), Age-Standardized Prevalence Rate (ASPR), Age-Standardized DALYs Rate (ASDR) and the Age-Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) in Iran in 2017 were 2.4 (95% Uncertainty Interval [UI]: 2.1 to 2.7), 69.5 (62.1 to 77.8), 29.1 (23.6 to 34.7), and 0.4 (0.3 to 0.4) per 100,000 population, respectively. During the period of 1990 to 2017, all measures increased, and were higher among females. The incidence rate began upward trend at the age of 20 and attained its highest level at the age of 25. Conclusion In Iran, all of the age-standardized MS rates have been increasing during the 28 years from 1990 to 2017. Our findings can help policy makers and health planners to design and communicate their plans and to have a better resource allocation, depending on the incidence and prevalence of the growing numbers of MS patients in Iran.


Author(s):  
Anojhaan Arulmurugananthavadivel ◽  
Anders Holt ◽  
Saaima Parveen ◽  
Morten Lamberts ◽  
Gunnar H Gislason ◽  
...  

Abstract Aim To investigate temporal trends in in-patient versus out-patient diagnosis of new-onset heart failure (HF) and the subsequent risk of death and hospitalization. Methods and results Using nationwide registers, 192,581 patients with a first diagnosis of HF (1997–2017) were included. We computed incidences of HF, age-standardized mortality rates, and absolute risks (AR) of death and hospitalization (accounting for competing risk of death) to understand the importance of the diagnosis setting in relation to subsequent mortality and hospitalization. The overall incidence of HF was approximately the same (170/100,000 persons) every year during 1997–2017. However, in 1997, 77% of all first diagnoses of HF were made during a hospitalization, whereas the proportion was 39% in 2017. As in-patient diagnoses decreased, out-patient diagnoses increased from 23% to 61%. Out-patients had lower mortality and hospitalization rates than in-patients throughout the study period, although the 1-year age-standardized mortality rate decreased for each of in-patients (24 to 14/100-person) and out-patients (11 to 7/100-person). 1-year and 5-year AR of death decreased by 11.1% and 17.0%, respectively, for all HF patients, while the risk of hospitalization for HF did not decrease significantly (1.13% and 0.96%, respectively). Conclusions Between 1997 and 2017, HF changed from being primarily diagnosed during hospitalization to being mostly diagnosed in the outpatient setting. Out-patients had much lower mortality rates than in-patients throughout the study period. Despite a significant decrease in mortality risk for all HF patients, neither in-patients nor out-patients experienced a reduction in the risk of a HF hospitalization.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-li Li ◽  
Meng Jiang ◽  
Chun-qiu Pan ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Li-gang Xu

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis is a common and potentially lethal gastrointestinal disease, but literatures for the disease burden are scarce for many countries. Understanding the current burden of acute pancreatitis and the different trends across various countries is essential for formulating effective preventive intervenes. We aimed to report the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by acute pancreatitis in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019. Methods Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) were used to analyze the epidemiology of acute pancreatitis at the global, regional, and national levels. We also reported the correlation between development status and acute pancreatitis’ age-standardized DALY rates, and calculated DALYs attributable to alcohol etiology that had evidence of causation with acute pancreatitis. All of the estimates were shown as counts and age-standardized rates per 100,000 person-years. Results There were 2,814,972.3 (95% UI 2,414,361.3–3,293,591.8) incident cases of acute pancreatitis occurred in 2019 globally; 1,273,955.2 (1,098,304.6–1,478,594.1) in women and 1,541,017.1 (1,307,264.4–1,814,454.3) in men. The global age-standardized incidence rate declined from 37.9/100,000 to 34.8/100,000 during 1990–2019, an annual decrease of 8.4% (5.9–10.4%). In 2019, there were 115,053.2 (104,304.4–128,173.4) deaths and 3,641,105.7 (3,282,952.5–4,026,948.1) DALYs due to acute pancreatitis. The global age-standardized mortality rate decreased by 17.2% (6.6–27.1%) annually from 1.7/100,000 in 1990 to 1.4/100,000 in 2019; over the same period, the age-standardized DALY rate declined by 17.6% (7.8–27.0%) annually. There were substantial differences in the incidence, mortality and DALYs across regions. Alcohol etiology attributed to a sizable fraction of acute pancreatitis-related deaths, especially in the high and high-middle SDI regions. Conclusion Substantial variation existed in the burden of acute pancreatitis worldwide, and the overall burden remains high with aging population. Geographically targeted considerations are needed to tailor future intervenes to relieve the burden of acute pancreatitis in specific countries, especially for Eastern Europe.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Jainul Azarudeen ◽  
Tanzin Dikid ◽  
Karishma Kurup ◽  
Khyati Aroskar ◽  
Himanshu Chauhan ◽  
...  

Background Mortality rates provide an opportunity to identify and act on the health system intervention for preventing deaths. Hence, it is essential to appreciate the influence of age structure while reporting mortality for a better summary of the magnitude of the epidemic. Objectives We described and compared the pattern of COVID-19 mortality standardized by age between selected states and India from January to November 2020. Methods We initially estimated the Indian population for 2020 using the decadal growth rate from the previous census (2011). This was followed by estimations of crude and age-adjusted mortality rate per million for India and the selected states. We used this information to perform indirect standardization and derive the age-standardized mortality rates for the states for comparison. In addition, we derived a ratio for age-standardized mortality to compare across age groups within the state. We extracted information regarding COVID-19 deaths from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme special surveillance portal up to November 16, 2020. Results The crude mortality rate of India stands at 88.9 per million population(118,883/1,337,328,910). Age-adjusted mortality rate (per million) was highest for Delhi (300.5) and lowest for Kerala (35.9).The age-standardized mortality rate (per million) for India is (<15 years=1.6, 15-29 years=6.3, 30-44 years=35.9, 45-59 years=198.8, 60-74 years=571.2, & ≥75 years=931.6). The ratios for age-standardized mortality increase proportionately from 45-59 years age group across all the states. Conclusion There is high COVID-19 mortality not only among the elderly ages, but we also identified heavy impact of COVID-19 on the working population. Therefore, we recommend further evaluation of age-adjusted mortality for all States and inclusion of variables like gender, socio-economic status for standardization while identifying at-risk populations and implementing priority public health actions. Keywords COVID-19, Mortality, Age Standardized Mortality Rate, Indirect Standardization.


Author(s):  
Luca Valerio ◽  
Ugo Fedeli ◽  
Elena Schievano ◽  
Francesco Avossa ◽  
Stefano Barco

Background. Despite evidence of ongoing epidemiological changes in deaths from venous thromboembolism in high-income countries, little recent information is available on the time trends in mortality related to PE as underlying or concomitant cause of death in Europe. Methods. We accessed the regional database of death certificates of Veneto Region (Northern Italy, population 4,900,000) from 2008 to 2019. We analysed the trends in crude and age-adjusted annual rates of mortality related to PE (reported either as underlying cause or in any position in the death certificate) using Joinpoint regression; in the contribution of PE to mortality (proportionate mortality); and, using logistic regression, in the association between PE and cancer at death. Results. Between 2008 and 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate related to PE in Veneto decreased from 20.7 to 12.6 annual deaths per 100,000 population for PE in any position of the death certificate, and from 4.6 to 2.2 annual deaths per 100,000 population for PE as underlying cause of death. PE-related proportionate mortality remained up to twice as high in women. The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio for cancer in deaths with (vs. without) PE constantly increased from 1.01 (95% CI 0.88-1.16) in 2008 to 1.58 (95% CI 1.35-1.83) in 2019. Conclusions. The descending trend in PE-related mortality reported for Europe up to 2015 for both sexes continued thereafter in Northern Italy. However, sex differences in proportionate mortality persist, and the increasing association between PE and cancer at death may reflect changes in risk factor distribution or diagnostic practices.


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