scholarly journals Ligand-recognizing motifs in plant LysM receptors are major determinants of specificity

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6504) ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltan Bozsoki ◽  
Kira Gysel ◽  
Simon B. Hansen ◽  
Damiano Lironi ◽  
Christina Krönauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Differential Signaling ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis ◽  
Selection Of

Plants evolved lysine motif (LysM) receptors to recognize and parse microbial elicitors and drive intracellular signaling to limit or facilitate microbial colonization. We investigated how chitin and nodulation (Nod) factor receptors of Lotus japonicus initiate differential signaling of immunity or root nodule symbiosis. Two motifs in the LysM1 domains of these receptors determine specific recognition of ligands and discriminate between their in planta functions. These motifs define the ligand-binding site and make up the most structurally divergent regions in cognate Nod factor receptors. An adjacent motif modulates the specificity for Nod factor recognition and determines the selection of compatible rhizobial symbionts in legumes. We also identified how binding specificities in LysM receptors can be altered to facilitate Nod factor recognition and signaling from a chitin receptor, advancing the prospects of engineering rhizobial symbiosis into nonlegumes.

scholarly journals Spontaneous symbiotic reprogramming of plant roots triggered by receptor-like kinases

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Katharina Ried ◽  
Meritxell Antolín-Llovera ◽  
Martin Parniske
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Root Nodule Symbiosis ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

Symbiosis Receptor-like Kinase (SYMRK) is indispensable for the development of phosphate-acquiring arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) as well as nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis, but the mechanisms that discriminate between the two distinct symbiotic developmental fates have been enigmatic. In this study, we show that upon ectopic expression, the receptor-like kinase genes Nod Factor Receptor 1 (NFR1), NFR5, and SYMRK initiate spontaneous nodule organogenesis and nodulation-related gene expression in the absence of rhizobia. Furthermore, overexpressed NFR1 or NFR5 associated with endogenous SYMRK in roots of the legume Lotus japonicus. Epistasis tests revealed that the dominant active SYMRK allele initiates signalling independently of either the NFR1 or NFR5 gene and upstream of a set of genes required for the generation or decoding of calcium-spiking in both symbioses. Only SYMRK but not NFR overexpression triggered the expression of AM-related genes, indicating that the receptors play a key role in the decision between AM- or root nodule symbiosis-development.

A shared gene drives lateral root development and root nodule symbiosis pathways in Lotus

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (6468) ◽  
pp. 1021-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Soyano ◽  
Yoshikazu Shimoda ◽  
Masayoshi Kawaguchi ◽  
Makoto Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Lateral Organ ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

Legumes develop root nodules in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. Rhizobia evoke cell division of differentiated cortical cells into root nodule primordia for accommodating bacterial symbionts. In this study, we show that NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), a transcription factor in Lotus japonicus that is essential for initiating cortical cell divisions during nodulation, regulates the gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2-LIKE18/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN16a (ASL18/LBD16a). Orthologs of ASL18/LBD16a in nonlegume plants are required for lateral root development. Coexpression of ASL18a and the CCAAT box–binding protein Nuclear Factor-Y (NF-Y) subunits, which are also directly targeted by NIN, partially suppressed the nodulation-defective phenotype of L. japonicusdaphne mutants, in which cortical expression of NIN was attenuated. Our results demonstrate that ASL18a and NF-Y together regulate nodule organogenesis. Thus, a lateral root developmental pathway is incorporated downstream of NIN to drive nodule symbiosis.

scholarly journals Endogenous gibberellins affect root nodule symbiosis via transcriptional regulation of NODULE INCEPTION in Lotus japonicus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Akamatsu ◽  
Miwa Nagae ◽  
Yuka Nishimura ◽  
Daniela Romero Montero ◽  
Satsuki Ninomiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Root Nodule Symbiosis ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

scholarly journals Intragenic Complementation of Cellulose Synthase-Like D1 alleles in Root Hair Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogumil J. Karas ◽  
Loretta Ross ◽  
Mara Novero ◽  
Lisa Amyot ◽  
Sayaka Inada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Variable Length ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Root Nodule Symbiosis ◽  
Intragenic Complementation ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

AbstractRoot hair cells form the primary interface of plants with the soil environment, playing key roles in nutrient uptake and plant defense. In addition, they are typically the first cells infected by nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria during the root nodule symbiosis. Here we report a role for the Cellulose Synthase-Like D1 (CSLD1) gene in root hair development in Lotus japonicus. CSLD1 belongs to the cellulose synthase protein family that includes cellulose synthases, and cellulose synthase-like proteins, the latter thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of hemicellulose. We describe 11 csld1 mutant alleles that have either short (Ljcsld1-1) or variable length roots hairs (Ljcsld1-2 to 11). Examination of Ljcsld1-1 and one variable-length root hair mutant, Ljcsld1-6 showed increased root hair cell wall thickness, which in Ljcsld1-1 was more pronounced, suggesting a possible link with the defect in root nodule symbiosis. In addition, Ljcsld1-1 heterozygotes had intermediate root hair lengths, between those of wild type and the homozygotes. Intragenic complementation was observed between alleles with mutations in the N-terminal domain and other alleles, suggesting modularity of CSLD1 function and that it may operate as a homodimer or multimer.One sentence summaryThis research describes novel gain- and loss-of-function mutations at the Lotus japonicus CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D1 locus and analyzes their impact on root hair development.

The role of endogenous thiamine produced via THIC in root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus

Plant Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 283 ◽  
pp. 311-320
Author(s):  
Yehu Yin ◽  
Lu Tian ◽  
Xueliu Li ◽  
Mingchao Huang ◽  
Leru Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodule ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Root Nodule Symbiosis ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

scholarly journals The Ethylene Responsive Factor Required for Nodulation 1 (ERN1) Transcription Factor Is Required for Infection-Thread Formation in Lotus japonicus

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Kawaharada ◽  
Euan K. James ◽  
Simon Kelly ◽  
Niels Sandal ◽  
Jens Stougaard
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Thread Formation ◽  
Ethylene Responsive Factor ◽  
Infection Thread Formation

Several hundred genes are transcriptionally regulated during infection-thread formation and development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. We have characterized a set of Lotus japonicus mutants impaired in root-nodule formation and found that the causative gene, Ern1, encodes a protein with a characteristic APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) transcription-factor domain. Phenotypic characterization of four ern1 alleles shows that infection pockets are formed but root-hair infection threads are absent. Formation of root-nodule primordia is delayed and no normal transcellular infection threads are found in the infected nodules. Corroborating the role of ERN1 (ERF Required for Nodulation1) in nodule organogenesis, spontaneous nodulation induced by an autoactive CCaMK and cytokinin–induced nodule primordia were not observed in ern1 mutants. Expression of Ern1 is induced in the susceptible zone by Nod factor treatment or rhizobial inoculation. At the cellular level, the pErn1:GUS reporter is highly expressed in root epidermal cells of the susceptible zone and in the cortical cells that form nodule primordia. The genetic regulation of this cellular expression pattern was further investigated in symbiotic mutants. Nod factor induction of Ern1 in epidermal cells was found to depend on Nfr1, Cyclops, and Nsp2 but was independent of Nin and Nf-ya1. These results suggest that ERN1 functions as a transcriptional regulator involved in the formation of infection threads and development of nodule primordia and may coordinate these two processes.

scholarly journals Transcriptional regulation of NIN expression by IPN2 is required for root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus

2020 ◽  
Vol 227 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aifang Xiao ◽  
Haixiang Yu ◽  
Yuqian Fan ◽  
Heng Kang ◽  
Yaping Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Root Nodule Symbiosis ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

scholarly journals Ectopic or Over-Expression of Class 1 Phytoglobin Genes Confers Flooding Tolerance to the Root Nodules of Lotus japonicus by Scavenging Nitric Oxide

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsutaka Fukudome ◽  
Eri Watanabe ◽  
Ken-ichi Osuki ◽  
Nahoko Uchi ◽  
Toshiki Uchiumi
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

Flooding limits biomass production in agriculture. Leguminous plants, important agricultural crops, use atmospheric dinitrogen gas as nitrogen nutrition by symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia, but this root-nodule symbiosis is sometimes broken down by flooding of the root system. In this study, we analyzed the effect of flooding on the symbiotic system of transgenic Lotus japonicus lines which overexpressed class 1 phytoglobin (Glb1) of L. japonicus (LjGlb1-1) or ectopically expressed that of Alnus firma (AfGlb1). In the roots of wild-type plants, flooding increased nitric oxide (NO) level and expression of senescence-related genes and decreased nitrogenase activity; in the roots of transgenic lines, these effects were absent or less pronounced. The decrease of chlorophyll content in leaves and the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in roots and leaves caused by flooding were also suppressed in these lines. These results suggest that increased levels of Glb1 help maintain nodule symbiosis under flooding by scavenging NO and controlling ROS.

scholarly journals Domain Swap Approach Reveals the Critical Roles of Different Domains of SYMRK in Root Nodule Symbiosis in Lotus japonicus

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Li ◽  
Mengxiao Chen ◽  
Liujian Duan ◽  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Yangrong Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodule ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Domain Swap ◽  
Root Nodule Symbiosis ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis With the Progress of Symbiosis in ‘Crack-Entry’ Legume Arachis hypogaea Highlights Its Contrast With ‘Infection Thread’ Adapted Legumes

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchan Karmakar ◽  
Anindya Kundu ◽  
Ahsan Z Rizvi ◽  
Emeric Dubois ◽  
Dany Severac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Transcriptional Dynamics ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Molecular Framework ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

In root-nodule symbiosis, rhizobial invasion and nodule organogenesis is host controlled. In most legumes, rhizobia enter through infection threads and nodule primordium in the cortex is induced from a distance. But in dalbergoid legumes like Arachis hypogaea, rhizobia directly invade cortical cells through epidermal cracks to generate the primordia. Herein, we report the transcriptional dynamics with the progress of symbiosis in A. hypogaea at 1 day postinfection (dpi) (invasion), 4 dpi (nodule primordia), 8 dpi (spread of infection in nodule-like structure), 12 dpi (immature nodules containing rod-shaped rhizobia), and 21 dpi (mature nodules with spherical symbiosomes). Expression of putative ortholog of symbiotic genes in ‘crack entry’ legume A. hypogaea was compared with infection thread–adapted model legumes. The contrasting features were i) higher expression of receptors like LYR3 and EPR3 as compared with canonical Nod factor receptors, ii) late induction of transcription factors like NIN and NSP2 and constitutive high expression of ERF1, EIN2, bHLH476, and iii) induction of divergent pathogenesis-responsive PR-1 genes. Additionally, symbiotic orthologs of SymCRK, ROP6, RR9, SEN1, and DNF2 were not detectable and microsynteny analysis indicated the absence of a RPG homolog in diploid parental genomes of A. hypogaea. The implications are discussed and a molecular framework that guides crack-entry symbiosis in A. hypogaea is proposed.

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