scholarly journals Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication by Benzimidazole Nucleosides Involves Three Distinct Mechanisms

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 3918-3927 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Evers ◽  
Gloria Komazin ◽  
Roger G. Ptak ◽  
Dongjin Shin ◽  
Brian T. Emmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Replication Cycle ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Nuclear Egress ◽  
Hcmv Replication

ABSTRACT The benzimidazole nucleosides 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BDCRB) and 2-isopropylamino-5,6-dichloro-1-(β-l-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (1263W94, or maribavir) are potent and selective inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. These inhibitors act by two different mechanisms: BDCRB blocks the processing and maturation of viral DNA, whereas maribavir prevents viral DNA synthesis and capsid nuclear egress. In order to determine by which of these two mechanisms other benzimidazole nucleosides acted, we performed time-of-addition studies and other experiments with selected new analogs. We found that the erythrofuranosyl analog and the α-lyxofuranosyl analog acted late in the viral replication cycle, similar to BDCRB. In marked contrast, the α-5′-deoxylyxofuranosyl analog of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (compound UMJD1311) acted early in the replication cycle, too early to be consistent with either mechanism. Similar to other reports on early acting inhibitors of herpesviruses, compound 1311 was multiplicity of infection dependent, an observation that could not be reproduced with UV-inactivated virus. HCMV isolates resistant to BDCRB and maribavir were sensitive to compound 1311, as were viruses resistant to ganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet. The preincubation of host cells with compound 1311 and removal prior to the addition of HCMV did not produce an antiviral cellular response. We conclude that this newly discovered early mode of action occurs at a stage of viral replication after entry to cells but prior to viral DNA synthesis, thereby strongly suggesting that the trisubstituted benzimidazole nucleoside series possesses three distinct biochemical modes of action for inhibition of HCMV replication.

scholarly journals Host Cell Nucleolin Is Required To Maintain the Architecture of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication Compartments

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair L. Strang ◽  
Steeve Boulant ◽  
Tomas Kirchhausen ◽  
Donald M. Coen
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Replication Compartment

ABSTRACTDrastic reorganization of the nucleus is a hallmark of herpesvirus replication. This reorganization includes the formation of viral replication compartments, the subnuclear structures in which the viral DNA genome is replicated. The architecture of replication compartments is poorly understood. However, recent work with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) showed that the viral DNA polymerase subunit UL44 concentrates and viral DNA synthesis occurs at the periphery of these compartments. Any cellular factors involved in replication compartment architecture are largely unknown. Previously, we found that nucleolin, a major protein component of nucleoli, associates with HCMV UL44 in infected cells and is required for efficient viral DNA synthesis. Here, we show that nucleolin binds to purified UL44. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated colocalization of nucleolin with UL44 at the periphery of replication compartments. Pharmacological inhibition of viral DNA synthesis prevented the formation of replication compartments but did not abrogate association of UL44 and nucleolin. Thus, association of UL44 and nucleolin is unlikely to be a nonspecific effect related to development of replication compartments. No detectable colocalization of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled viral DNA with nucleolin was observed, suggesting that nucleolin is not directly involved in viral DNA synthesis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of nucleolin caused improper localization of UL44 and a defect in EdU incorporation into viral DNA. We propose a model in which nucleolin anchors UL44 at the periphery of replication compartments to maintain their architecture and promote viral DNA synthesis.IMPORTANCEHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen. HCMV infection causes considerable rearrangement of the structure of the nucleus, largely due to the formation of viral replication compartments within the nucleus. Within these compartments, the virus replicates its DNA genome. We previously demonstrated that nucleolin is required for efficient viral DNA synthesis and now find that the nucleolar protein nucleolin interacts with a subunit of the viral DNA polymerase, UL44, specifically at the periphery of replication compartments. Moreover, we find that nucleolin is required to properly localize UL44 at this region. Nucleolin is, therefore, involved in the organization of proteins within replication compartments. This, to our knowledge, is the first report identifying a cellular protein required for maintaining replication compartment architecture.

scholarly journals Human cytomegalovirus miR-US33-5p inhibits viral DNA synthesis and viral replication by down-regulating expression of the host Syntaxin3

FEBS Letters ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 589 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Guo ◽  
Ying Qi ◽  
Yujing Huang ◽  
Zhongyang Liu ◽  
Yanping Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Viral Dna

scholarly journals Potent and Selective Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication by 1263W94, a Benzimidazole l-Riboside with a Unique Mode of Action

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 2365-2372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen K. Biron ◽  
Robert J. Harvey ◽  
Stanley C. Chamberlain ◽  
Steven S. Good ◽  
Albert A. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Resistance Mutation ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Viral Dna

ABSTRACT Benzimidazole nucleosides have been shown to be potent inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication in vitro. As part of the exploration of structure-activity relationships within this series, we synthesized the 2-isopropylamino derivative (3322W93) of 1H-β-d-ribofuranoside-2-bromo-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole (BDCRB) and the biologically unnatural l-sugars corresponding to both compounds. One of the l derivatives, 1H-β-l-ribofuranoside-2-isopropylamino-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole (1263W94), showed significant antiviral potency in vitro against both laboratory HCMV strains and clinical HCMV isolates, including those resistant to ganciclovir (GCV), foscarnet, and BDCRB. 1263W94 inhibited viral replication in a dose-dependent manner, with a mean 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.12 ± 0.01 μM compared to a mean IC50 for GCV of 0.53 ± 0.04 μM, as measured by a multicycle DNA hybridization assay. In a single replication cycle, 1263W94 treatment reduced viral DNA synthesis, as well as overall virus yield. HCMV mutants resistant to 1263W94 were isolated, establishing that the target of 1263W94 was a viral gene product. The resistance mutation was mapped to the UL97 open reading frame. The pUL97 protein kinase was strongly inhibited by 1263W94, with 50% inhibition occurring at 3 nM. Although HCMV DNA synthesis was inhibited by 1263W94, the inhibition was not mediated by the inhibition of viral DNA polymerase. The parent benzimidazole d-riboside BDCRB inhibits viral DNA maturation and processing, whereas 1263W94 does not. The mechanism of the antiviral effect of l-riboside 1263W94 is thus distinct from those of GCV and of BDCRB. In summary, 1263W94 inhibits viral replication by a novel mechanism that is not yet completely understood.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation of β-d-Ribosylbenzimidazoles Is Not Required for Activity against Human Cytomegalovirus

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 478-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Krosky ◽  
Katherine Z. Borysko ◽  
M. Reza Nassiri ◽  
Rodrigo V. Devivar ◽  
Roger G. Ptak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Selective Inhibitors ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Hcmv Replication ◽  
Antiviral Nucleosides

ABSTRACT We have previously reported that 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB) and its 2-bromo analog (2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(β-d-ribofuranosy)benzimidazole [BDCRB]) are potent and selective inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication that block viral DNA maturation via HCMV gene products UL89 and UL56. To determine if phosphorylation is required for antiviral activity, the in vitro metabolism of BDCRB was examined and the antiviral activities of nonphosphorylatable 5′-deoxy analogs were determined. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of extracts from uninfected and HCMV-infected cells incubated with [3H]BDCRB revealed two major metabolites. Both were less polar than naturally occurring nucleoside monophosphates, but one peak coeluted with a BDCRB-5′-monophosphate (BDCRB-5′-MP) standard. Further analysis revealed, however, that neither metabolite partitioned with BDCRB-5′-MP on anion-exchange HPLC. Their retention patterns were not affected by incubation with alkaline phosphatase, thereby establishing that the compounds were not nucleoside 5′-monophosphates. Both compounds were detected in uninfected and HCMV-infected cells and in mouse live extracts, but neither has been identified. Like TCRB and BDCRB, the nonphosphorylatable 5′-deoxy analogs were potent and selective inhibitors of HCMV replication. The 5′-deoxy analogs maintained inhibition of HCMV replication upon removal of BDCRB, whereas an inhibitor of DNA synthesis did not. Similar to TCRB, its 5′-deoxy analog (5′-dTCRB) did not affect viral DNA synthesis, but 5′-dTCRB did inhibit viral DNA maturation to genome-length units. Additionally, virus isolates resistant to TCRB were also resistant to 5′-dTCRB and the 5′-deoxy analog of BDCRB. Taken together, these results confirm that TCRB, BDCRB, and their 5′-deoxy analogs have common mechanisms of action and establish that these benzimidazole ribonucleosides, unlike other antiviral nucleosides, do not require phosphorylation at the 5′ position for antiviral activity.

scholarly journals Inactivation of the Human CytomegalovirusUS20Gene Hampers Productive Viral Replication in Endothelial Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (21) ◽  
pp. 11092-11106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemi Cavaletto ◽  
Anna Luganini ◽  
Giorgio Gribaudo
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Replication Cycle ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Hcmv Replication

ABSTRACTThe human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)US12gene family includes a group of 10 contiguous genes (US12toUS21) encoding predicted seven-transmembrane-domain (7TMD) proteins that are nonessential for replication within cultured fibroblasts. Nevertheless, inactivation of someUS12family members affects virus replication in other cell types; e.g., deletion ofUS16orUS18abrogates virus growth in endothelial and epithelial cells or in human gingival tissue, respectively, suggesting a role for some US12 proteins in HCMV cell tropism. Here, we provide evidence that another member,US20, impacts the ability of a clinical strain of HCMV to replicate in endothelial cells. Through the use of recombinant HCMV encoding tagged versions of the US20 protein, we investigated the expression pattern, localization, and topology of the US20-encoded protein (pUS20). We show that pUS20 is expressed as a partially glycosylated 7TMD protein which accumulates late in infection in endoplasmic reticulum-derived peripheral structures localized outside the cytoplasmic virus assembly compartment (cVAC). US20-deficient mutants generated in the TR clinical strain of HCMV exhibited major growth defects in different types of endothelial cells, whereas they replicated normally in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. While the attachment and entry phases in endothelial cells were not significantly affected by the absence of US20 protein, US20-null viruses failed to replicate viral DNA and express representative E and L mRNAs and proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that US20 sustains the HCMV replication cycle at a stage subsequent to entry but prior to E gene expression and viral DNA synthesis in endothelial cells.IMPORTANCEHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major pathogen in newborns and immunocompromised individuals. A hallmark of HCMV pathogenesis is its ability to productively replicate in an exceptionally broad range of target cells, including endothelial cells, which represent a key target for viral dissemination and replication in the host, and to contribute to both viral persistence and associated inflammation and vascular diseases. Replication in endothelial cells depends on the activities of a set of viral proteins that regulate different stages of the HCMV replication cycle in an endothelial cell type-specific manner and thereby act as determinants of viral tropism. Here, we report the requirement of a HCMV protein as a postentry tropism factor in endothelial cells. The identification and characterization of HCMV endotheliotropism-regulating proteins will advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCMV-related pathogenesis and help lead to the design of new antiviral strategies able to exploit these functions.

scholarly journals Histone H3 Lysine 4 Methylation Marks Postreplicative Human Cytomegalovirus Chromatin

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (18) ◽  
pp. 9817-9827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Nitzsche ◽  
Charlotte Steinhäußer ◽  
Katrin Mücke ◽  
Christina Paulus ◽  
Michael Nevels
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Histone Modification ◽  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Preferential Incorporation

In the nuclei of permissive cells, human cytomegalovirus genomes form nucleosomal structures initially resembling heterochromatin but gradually switching to a euchromatin-like state. This switch is characterized by a decrease in histone H3 K9 methylation and a marked increase in H3 tail acetylation and H3 K4 methylation across the viral genome. We used ganciclovir and a mutant virus encoding a reversibly destabilized DNA polymerase to examine the impact of DNA replication on histone modification dynamics at the viral chromatin. The changes in H3 tail acetylation and H3 K9 methylation proceeded in a DNA replication-independent fashion. In contrast, the increase in H3 K4 methylation proved to depend widely on viral DNA synthesis. Consistently, labeling of nascent DNA using “click chemistry” revealed preferential incorporation of methylated H3 K4 into viral (but not cellular) chromatin during or following DNA replication. This study demonstrates largely selective epigenetic tagging of postreplicative human cytomegalovirus chromatin.

scholarly journals Two Sp1/Sp3 Binding Sites in the Major Immediate-Early Proximal Enhancer of Human Cytomegalovirus Have a Significant Role in Viral Replication

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (15) ◽  
pp. 9597-9607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Isomura ◽  
Mark F. Stinski ◽  
Ayumi Kudoh ◽  
Tohru Daikoku ◽  
Noriko Shirata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Human Fibroblast ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Human Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Hcmv Replication

ABSTRACT We previously demonstrated that the major immediate early (MIE) proximal enhancer containing one GC box and the TATA box containing promoter are minimal elements required for transcription and viral replication in human fibroblast cells (H. Isomura, T. Tsurumi, M. F. Stinski, J. Virol. 78:12788-12799, 2004). After infection, the level of Sp1 increased while Sp3 remained constant. Here we report that either Sp1 or Sp3 transcription factors bind to the GC boxes located at approximately positions −55 and −75 relative to the transcription start site (+1). Both the Sp1 and Sp3 binding sites have a positive and synergistic effect on the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate-early (MIE) promoter. There was little to no change in MIE transcription or viral replication for recombinant viruses with one or the other Sp1 or Sp3 binding site mutated. In contrast, mutation of both the Sp1 and Sp3 binding sites caused inefficient MIE transcription and viral replication. These data indicate that the Sp1 and Sp3 binding sites have a significant role in HCMV replication in human fibroblast cells.

scholarly journals Human Cytomegalovirus Drives WDR5 to the Virion Assembly Compartment to Facilitate Virion Assembly

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
YongXuan Yao ◽  
Hui Wu ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Xue-Hui Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Hcmv Infection ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Virion Assembly ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
Nuclear Egress ◽  
Early Endosomes ◽  
Hcmv Replication ◽  
Assembly Compartment

AbstractWe previously reported that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) utilizes the cellular protein WDR5 to facilitate capsid nuclear egress. Here, we further show that HCMV infection drives WDR5 to the perinuclear region by a mechanism that requires viral replication and intact microtubules. WDR5 accumulated in the virion assembly compartment (vAC) and co-localized with vAC markers of gamma-tubulin (γ-tubulin), early endosomes, and viral vAC marker proteins pp65, pp28, and glycoprotein B (gB). WDR5 interacted with multiple virion proteins, including MCP, pp150, pp65, pIRS1, and pTRS1, which may explain the increasing WDR5 accumulation in the vAC during infection. WDR5 was then incorporated into HCMV virions and localized to the tegument layer, as demonstrated by fractionation and immune-gold electron microscopy. Thus, WDR5 is driven to the vAC and incorporated into virions, suggesting that WDR5 facilitates HCMV replication at later stage of virion assembly besides the capsid nuclear egress stage. These data highlight that WDR5 is a potential target for antiviral therapy.ImportanceHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a large (~235-kb) genome that contains over 170 ORFs and exploits numerous cellular factors to facilitate its replication. In the late phase of HCMV infection cytoplasmic membranes are profoundly reconfigured to establish the virion assembly compartment (vAC), which is important for efficient assembly of progeny virions. We previously reported that WDR5 promotes HCMV nuclear egress. Here, we show that WDR5 is further driven to the vAC and incorporated into virions, perhaps to facilitate efficient virion maturation. This work identified potential roles for WDR5 in HCMV replication in the cytoplasmic stages of virion assembly. Taken together, WDR5 plays a critical role in HCMV capsid nuclear egress and is important for virion assembly, and thus is a potential target for antiviral treatment of HCMV-associated diseases.

scholarly journals Nonnucleoside Pyrrolopyrimidines with a Unique Mechanism of Action against Human Cytomegalovirus

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1888-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie G. Jacobson ◽  
Thomas E. Renau ◽  
M. Reza Nassiri ◽  
Dominica G. Sweier ◽  
Julie M. Breitenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Human Foreskin Fibroblasts ◽  
Combination Studies ◽  
Hcmv Replication ◽  
Viral Titers

ABSTRACT Based upon a prior study which evaluated a series of nonnucleoside pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), we have selected three active analogs for detailed study. In an HCMV plaque-reduction assay, compounds 828, 951, and 1028 had 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 0.4 to 1.0 μM. Similar results were obtained when 828 and 951 were examined by HCMV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC50s = 1.9 and 0.4 μM, respectively) and when 828 was tested in a viral DNA-DNA hybridization assay (IC50 = 1.3 μM). In yield-reduction assays with a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), all three compounds caused multiple log10 reductions in virus titer, and the activities of these compounds were comparable to the activity of ganciclovir (GCV; IC90 = 0.2 μM). In contrast to the reduction of viral titers by GCV, the reduction of viral titers by 828, 951, and 1028 decreased with increasing MOI. Cytotoxicity in human foreskin fibroblasts and KB cells ranged from 32 to >100 μM. In addition, 828 (the only compound tested) was less toxic against human bone marrow progenitor cells than GCV. Time-of-addition and time-of-removal studies established that the three pyrrolopyrimidines inhibited HCMV replication before GCV had an effect on viral DNA synthesis but after viral adsorption. Compound 828 was equally effective against GCV-sensitive and GCV-resistant HCMV clinical isolates. Combination studies with 828 and GCV showed that the effects of the two compounds on HCMV were additive but not synergistic. Taken together, the data indicate that these pyrrolopyrimidines target a viral protein that is required in an MOI-dependent manner and that is expressed early in the HCMV replication cycle.

scholarly journals The Essential Human Cytomegalovirus Gene UL52 Is Required for Cleavage-Packaging of the Viral Genome

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2065-2078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Maria Borst ◽  
Karen Wagner ◽  
Anne Binz ◽  
Beate Sodeik ◽  
Martin Messerle
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Subnuclear Localization ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Nuclear Egress ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Infected Cells

ABSTRACT Replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) produces large DNA concatemers of head-to-tail-linked viral genomes that upon packaging into capsids are cut into unit-length genomes. The mechanisms underlying cleavage-packaging and the subsequent steps prior to nuclear egress of DNA-filled capsids are incompletely understood. The hitherto uncharacterized product of the essential HCMV UL52 gene was proposed to participate in these processes. To investigate the function of pUL52, we constructed a ΔUL52 mutant as well as a complementing cell line. We found that replication of viral DNA was not impaired in noncomplementing cells infected with the ΔUL52 virus, but viral concatemers remained uncleaved. Since the subnuclear localization of the known cleavage-packaging proteins pUL56, pUL89, and pUL104 was unchanged in ΔUL52-infected fibroblasts, pUL52 does not seem to act via these proteins. Electron microscopy studies revealed only B capsids in the nuclei of ΔUL52-infected cells, indicating that the mutant virus has a defect in encapsidation of viral DNA. Generation of recombinant HCMV genomes encoding epitope-tagged pUL52 versions showed that only the N-terminally tagged pUL52 supported viral growth, suggesting that the C terminus is crucial for its function. pUL52 was expressed as a 75-kDa protein with true late kinetics. It localized preferentially to the nuclei of infected cells and was found to enclose the replication compartments. Taken together, our results demonstrate an essential role for pUL52 in cleavage-packaging of HCMV DNA. Given its unique subnuclear localization, the function of pUL52 might be distinct from that of other cleavage-packaging proteins.

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