scholarly journals Newly Designed Six-Membered Azasugar Nucleotide-Containing Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides as Potent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibitors

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 4110-4120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Seong Lee ◽  
Kyeong-Eun Jung ◽  
Cheol-Hee Yoon ◽  
Hong Lim ◽  
Yong-Soo Bae
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT A series of modified oligonucleotides (ONs), characterized by a phosphorothioate (P═S) backbone and a six-membered azasugar (6-AZS) as a sugar substitute in a nucleotide, were newly synthesized and assessed for their ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) via simple treatment of HIV-1-infected cultures, without any transfection process. While unmodified P═S ONs exhibited only minor anti-HIV-1 activity, the six-membered azasugar nucleotide (6-AZN)-containing P═S oligonucleotides (AZPSONs) exhibited remarkable antiviral activity against HIV-1/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) replication and syncytium formation (50% effective concentration = 0.02 to 0.2 μM). The AZPSONs exhibited little cytotoxicity at concentrations of up to 100 μM. DBM 2198, one of the most effective AZPSONs, exhibited antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of HIV-1, including T-cell-tropic, monotropic, and even drug-resistant HIV-1 variants. The anti-HIV-1 activities of DBM 2198 were similarly maintained in HIV-1-infected cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. When we treated severely infected cultures with DBM 2198, syncytia disappeared completely within 2 days. Taken together, our results indicate that DBM 2198 and other AZPSONs may prove useful in the further development of safe and effective AIDS-therapeutic drugs against a broad spectrum of HIV-1 variants.

scholarly journals Potent, Broad-Spectrum Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by the CCR5 Monoclonal Antibody PRO 140

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Trkola ◽  
Thomas J. Ketas ◽  
Kirsten A. Nagashima ◽  
Lu Zhao ◽  
Tonie Cilliers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT CCR5 serves as a requisite fusion coreceptor for clinically relevant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and provides a promising target for antiviral therapy. However, no study to date has examined whether monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, or other nonchemokine agents possess broad-spectrum activity against the major genetic subtypes of HIV-1. PRO 140 (PA14) is an anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody that potently inhibits HIV-1 entry at concentrations that do not affect CCR5's chemokine receptor activity. In this study, PRO 140 was tested against a panel of primary HIV-1 isolates selected for their genotypic and geographic diversity. In quantitative assays of viral infectivity, PRO 140 was compared with RANTES, a natural CCR5 ligand that can inhibit HIV-1 entry by receptor downregulation as well as receptor blockade. Despite their divergent mechanisms of action and binding epitopes on CCR5, low nanomolar concentrations of both PRO 140 and RANTES inhibited infection of primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by all CCR5-using (R5) viruses tested. This is consistent with there being a highly restricted pattern of CCR5 usage by R5 viruses. In addition, a panel of 25 subtype C South African R5 viruses were broadly inhibited by PRO 140, RANTES, and TAK-779, although ∼30-fold-higher concentrations of the last compound were required. Interestingly, significant inhibition of a dualtropic subtype C virus was also observed. Whereas PRO 140 potently inhibited HIV-1 replication in both PBMC and primary macrophages, RANTES exhibited limited antiviral activity in macrophage cultures. Thus CCR5-targeting agents such as PRO 140 can demonstrate potent and genetic-subtype-independent anti-HIV-1 activity.

scholarly journals Highly Potent Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by TAK-220, an Orally Bioavailable Small-Molecule CCR5 Antagonist

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 3474-3482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsunori Takashima ◽  
Hiroshi Miyake ◽  
Naoyuki Kanzaki ◽  
Yoshihiko Tagawa ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT TAK-220 is a member of a novel class of chemokine receptor antagonists and is highly specific to CCR5, as determined by receptor binding and calcium mobilization assays. The compound selectively inhibited coreceptor-mediated entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into host cells and HIV-1 infection mediated by CCR5. TAK-220 inhibited the replication of six CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 clinical isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a mean 90% effective concentration of 13 nM. The anti-HIV-1 activity of TAK-220 was not affected by addition of high concentrations of human serum. It equally inhibited R5 HIV-1 replication in PBMCs obtained from eight different donors, irrespective of the levels of viral production. Furthermore, the anti-HIV-1 activity of TAK-220 was found to be subtype independent. TAK-220 did not induce CCR5 internalization but blocked the binding of two monoclonal antibodies that recognize the second extracellular loop of CCR5 in CCR5-expressing cells. These results suggest that TAK-220 selectively inhibits R5 HIV-1 replication by interfering with coreceptor-mediated entry of the virus into host cells. At a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight, TAK-220 showed oral bioavailabilities of 9.5 and 28.9% in rats and monkeys, respectively. Thus, TAK-220 is a promising candidate for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

scholarly journals In Vitro Comparison of Topical Microbicides for Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 3834-3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene S. Dezzutti ◽  
V. Nicole James ◽  
Artur Ramos ◽  
Sharon T. Sullivan ◽  
Aladin Siddig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT A standardized protocol was used to compare cellular toxicities and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activities of candidate microbicides formulated for human use. The microbicides evaluated were cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), Carraguard, K-Y plus nonoxynol-9 (KY-N9), PRO 2000 (0.5 and 4%), SPL7013 (5%), UC781 (0.1 and 1%), and Vena Gel, along with their accompanying placebos. Products were evaluated for toxicity on cervical and colorectal epithelial cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and macrophages (MΦ) by using an ATP release assay, and they were tested for their effect on transepithelial resistance (TER) of polarized epithelial monolayers. Anti-HIV-1 activity was evaluated in assays for transfer of infectious HIV-1 from epithelial cells to activated PBMCs and for PBMC and MΦ infection. CAP, Carraguard, PRO 2000, SPL7013, and UC781 along with their placebos were 20- to 50-fold less toxic than KY-N9 and Vena Gel. None of the nontoxic product concentrations disrupted the TER. Transfer of HIV-1Ba-L from epithelial cells to PBMCs and PBMC and MΦ infection with laboratory-adapted HIV-1Ba-L and HIV-1LAI isolates were inhibited by all products except Carraguard, KY-N9, and Vena Gel. KY-N9, Vena Gel, and Carraguard were not effective in blocking PBMC infection with primary HIV-1A, HIV-1C, and HIV-1CRF01-AE isolates. The concordance of these toxicity results with those previously reported indicates that our protocol may be useful for predicting toxicity in vivo. Moreover, our systematic anti-HIV-1 testing provides a rational basis for making better informed decisions about which products to consider for clinical trials.

scholarly journals The Thiocarboxanilide Nonnucleoside Inhibitor UC781 Restores Antiviral Activity of 3′-Azido-3′-Deoxythymidine (AZT) against AZT-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gadi Borkow ◽  
Dominique Arion ◽  
Mark A. Wainberg ◽  
Michael A. Parniak
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT N-[4-Chloro-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-3-furancarbothioamide (UC781) is an exceptionally potent nonnucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase. We found that a 1:1 molar combination of UC781 and 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) showed high-level synergy in inhibiting the replication of AZT-resistant virus, implying that UC781 can restore antiviral activity to AZT against AZT-resistant HIV-1. Neither the nevirapine plus AZT nor the 2′,5′-bis-O-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)-3′-spiro-5"-(4"-amino-1",2"-oxathiole-2",2"-dioxide plus AZT combinations had this effect. Studies with purified HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (from a wild type and an AZT-resistant mutant) showed that UC781 was a potent inhibitor of the pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of nucleotides from the 3′ end of the DNA polymerization primer, a process that we have proposed to be critical for the phenotypic expression of AZT resistance. Combinations of UC781 plus AZT did not act in synergy to inhibit the replication of either wild-type virus or UC781-resistant HIV-1. Importantly, the time to the development of viral resistance to combinations of UC781 plus AZT is significantly delayed compared to the time to the development of resistance to either drug alone.

An Approach towards the Synthesis of Potential Metal-Chelating TSAO-T Derivatives as Bidentate Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Chamorro ◽  
M-J Camarasa ◽  
M-J Pérez-Pérez ◽  
E de Clercq ◽  
J Balzarini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Novel derivatives of the potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor TSAO-T have been designed, synthesized and tested for their in vitro antiretro-viral activity against HIV. These TSAO-T derivatives have been designed as potential bidentate inhibitors of HIV-1 RT, which combine in their structure the functionality of a non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (TSAO-T) and a bivalent ion-chelating moiety (a β-diketone moiety) linked through an appropriate spacer to the N-3 of thymine of TSAO-T . Some of the new compounds have an anti-HIV-1 activity comparable to that of the parent compound TSAO-T, but display a markedly increased antiviral selectivity. There was a clear relationship between antiviral activity and the length of the spacer group that links the TSAO molecule with the chelating moiety. A shorter spacer invariably resulted in increased antiviral potency. None of the TSAO-T derivatives were endowed with anti-HIV-2 activity.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcription by Chemical Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (16) ◽  
pp. 7266-7279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dai Wang ◽  
Cynthia de la Fuente ◽  
Longwen Deng ◽  
Lai Wang ◽  
Irene Zilberman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Virion Release ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
P21 Waf1 ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk's) have recently been suggested to regulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcription. Previously, we have shown that expression of one cdk inhibitor, p21/Waf1, is abrogated in HIV-1 latently infected cells. Based on this result, we investigated the transcription of HIV-1 in the presence of chemical drugs that specifically inhibited cdk activity and functionally mimicked p21/Waf1 activity. HIV-1 production in virally integrated lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines, such as ACH2, 8E5, and U1, as well as activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with syncytium-inducing (SI) or non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) HIV-1 strains, were all inhibited by Roscovitine, a purine derivative that reversibly competes for the ATP binding site present in cdk's. The decrease in viral progeny in the HIV-1-infected cells was correlated with a decrease in the transcription of HIV-1 RNAs in cells treated with Roscovitine and not with the non-cdk general cell cycle inhibitors, such as hydroxyurea (G1/S blocker) or nocodazole (M-phase blocker). Cyclin A- and E-associated histone H1 kinases, as well as cdk 7 and 9 activities, were all inhibited in the presence of Roscovitine. The 50% inhibitory concentration of Roscovitine on cdk's 9 and 7 was determined to be ∼0.6 μM. Roscovitine could selectively sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to apoptosis at concentrations that did not impede the growth and proliferation of uninfected cells. Apoptosis induced by Roscovitine was found in both latent and activated infected cells, as evident by Annexin V staining and the cleavage of the PARP protein by caspase-3. More importantly, contrary to many apoptosis-inducing agents, where the apoptosis of HIV-1-infected cells accompanies production and release of infectious HIV-1 viral particles, Roscovitine treatment selectively killed HIV-1-infected cells without virion release. Collectively, our data suggest that cdk's are required for efficient HIV-1 transcription and, therefore, we propose specific cdk inhibitors as potential antiviral agents in the treatment of AIDS.

scholarly journals Biologic and Genetic Characterization of a Panel of 60 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates, Representing Clades A, B, C, D, CRF01_AE, and CRF02_AG, for the Development and Assessment of Candidate Vaccines

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 6089-6101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Brown ◽  
Janice M. Darden ◽  
Sodsai Tovanabutra ◽  
Tamara Oblander ◽  
Julie Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Trial ◽  
Viral Stock ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT A critical priority for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development is standardization of reagents and assays for evaluation of immune responses elicited by candidate vaccines. To provide a panel of viral reagents from multiple vaccine trial sites, 60 international HIV-1 isolates were expanded in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and characterized both genetically and biologically. Ten isolates each from clades A, B, C, and D and 10 isolates each from CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG were prepared from individuals whose HIV-1 infection was evaluated by complete genome sequencing. The main criterion for selection was that the candidate isolate was pure clade or pure circulating recombinant. After expansion in culture, the complete envelope (gp160) of each isolate was verified by sequencing. The 50% tissue culture infectious dose and p24 antigen concentration for each viral stock were determined; no correlation between these two biologic parameters was found. Syncytium formation in MT-2 cells and CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor usage were determined for all isolates. Isolates were also screened for neutralization by soluble CD4, a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies, and a pool of HIV-1-positive patient sera. The panel consists of 49 nonsyncytium-inducing isolates that use CCR5 as a major coreceptor and 11 syncytium-inducing isolates that use only CXCR4 or both coreceptors. Neutralization profiles suggest that the panel contains both neutralization-sensitive and -resistant isolates. This collection of HIV-1 isolates represents the six major globally prevalent strains, is exceptionally large and well characterized, and provides an important resource for standardization of immunogenicity assessment in HIV-1 vaccine trials.

scholarly journals Betulinic Acid Derivatives That Target gp120 and Inhibit Multiple Genetic Subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihong Lai ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
Phong Ho ◽  
Zhijun Li ◽  
David Montefiori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Betulinic Acid ◽  
V3 Loop ◽  
Entry Inhibitors ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Betulinic acid (BA) derivatives can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry or maturation depending on side chain modifications. While BA derivatives with antimaturation activity have attracted considerable interest, the anti-HIV-1 profile and molecular mechanism of BA derivatives with anti-HIV-1 entry activity (termed BA entry inhibitors) have not been well defined. In this study, we have found that two BA entry inhibitors, IC9564 and A43D, exhibited a broad spectrum of anti-HIV-1 activity. Both compounds inhibited multiple strains of HIV-1 from clades A, B, and C at submicromolar concentrations. Clade C viruses were more sensitive to the compounds than clade A and B viruses. Interestingly, IC9564 at subinhibitory concentrations could alter the antifusion activities of other entry inhibitors. IC9564 was especially potent in increasing the sensitivity of HIV-1YU2 Env-mediated membrane fusion to the CCR5 inhibitor TAK-779. Results from this study suggest that the V3 loop of gp120 is a critical determinant for the anti-HIV-1 activity of IC9564. IC9564 escape viruses contained mutations near the tip of the V3 loop. Moreover, IC9564 could compete with the binding of V3 monoclonal antibodies 447-52D and 39F. IC9564 also competed with the binding of gp120/CD4 complexes to chemokine receptors. In summary, these results suggest that BA entry inhibitors can potently inhibit a broad spectrum of primary HIV-1 isolates by targeting the V3 loop of gp120.

scholarly journals Bis-Anthracycline Antibiotics Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcription

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1652-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Kutsch ◽  
David N. Levy ◽  
Paula J. Bates ◽  
Julie Decker ◽  
Barry R. Kosloff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Drug Interference ◽  
Anthracycline Antibiotics ◽  
Dna Intercalator ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The increasing numbers of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains that exhibit resistance to antiretroviral agents used at present require the development of new effective antiretroviral compounds. Tat transactivation was recognized early on as an attractive target for drug interference. To screen for and analyze the effects of compounds that interfere with Tat transactivation, we developed several cell-based reporter systems in which enhanced green fluorescence protein is a direct and quantitative marker of HIV-1 expression or Tat-dependent long terminal repeat activity. Using these reporter cell lines, we found that the bis-anthracycline WP631, a recently developed DNA intercalator, efficiently inhibits HIV-1 expression at subcytotoxic concentrations. WP631 also abrogated acute HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with various primary virus isolates. We demonstrate that WP631-mediated HIV-1 inhibition is caused by the inhibition of Tat transactivation. The data presented suggest that WP631 could serve as a lead compound for a new type of HIV-1 inhibitor.

scholarly journals Design and Profiling of GS-9148, a Novel Nucleotide Analog Active against Nucleoside-Resistant Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, and Its Orally Bioavailable Phosphonoamidate Prodrug, GS-9131

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Cihlar ◽  
Adrian S. Ray ◽  
Constantine G. Boojamra ◽  
Lijun Zhang ◽  
Hon Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT GS-9148 [(5-(6-amino-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2,5-dihydro-furan-2-yloxymethyl)phosphonic acid] is a novel ribose-modified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NRTI) selected from a series of nucleoside phosphonate analogs for its favorable in vitro biological properties including (i) a low potential for mitochondrial toxicity, (ii) a minimal cytotoxicity in renal proximal tubule cells and other cell types, (iii) synergy in combination with other antiretrovirals, and (iv) a unique resistance profile against multiple NRTI-resistant HIV-1 strains. Notably, antiviral resistance analysis indicated that neither the K65R, L74V, or M184V RT mutation nor their combinations had any effect on the antiretroviral activity of GS-9148. Viruses carrying four or more thymidine analog mutations showed a substantially smaller change in GS-9148 activity relative to that observed with most marketed NRTIs. GS-9131, an ethylalaninyl phosphonoamidate prodrug designed to maximize the intracellular delivery of GS-9148, is a potent inhibitor of multiple subtypes of HIV-1 clinical isolates, with a mean 50% effective concentration of 37 nM. Inside cells, GS-9131 is readily hydrolyzed to GS-9148, which is further phosphorylated to its active diphosphate metabolite (A. S. Ray, J. E. Vela, C. G. Boojamra, L. Zhang, H. Hui, C. Callebaut, K. Stray, K.-Y. Lin, Y. Gao, R. L. Mackman, and T. Cihlar, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:648-654, 2008). GS-9148 diphosphate acts as a competitive inhibitor of RT with respect to dATP (Ki = 0.8 μM) and exhibits low inhibitory potency against host polymerases including DNA polymerase γ. Oral administration of GS-9131 to beagle dogs at a dose of 3 mg/kg of body weight resulted in high and persistent levels of GS-9148 diphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (with a maximum intracellular concentration of >9 μM and a half-life of >24 h). This favorable preclinical profile makes GS-9131 an attractive clinical development candidate for the treatment of patients infected with NRTI-resistant HIV.

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